鉛色水鴝

红尾水鸲
	雄鳥
	雌鳥
保护状况
	; 无危（IUCN 3.1）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	鸟纲 Aves
目：	雀形目 Passeriformes
科：	鶲科 Muscicapidae
属：	红尾鸲属 Phoenicurus
种：	红尾水鸲 P. fuliginosus
二名法
	Phoenicurus fuliginosus; Vigors, 1831
異名
	Rhyacornis fuliginosus; Rhyacornis fuliginosa;

红尾水鸲（学名：Phoenicurus fuliginosus），又名铅色水鸫、鉛色水鴝，臺灣話稱石青仔（臺羅：tsio̍h-tshenn-á/tsio̍h-tshinn-á），为鶲科紅尾鴝屬下的一个种。分布於南亞、東南亞和中國。雄鳥為灰藍色，雌鳥則為灰色。其俗名源於其顏色類似鉛。它們通常棲息於快速流動的溪流和河流附近。

分類學

鉛色水鶇屬於雀形目和鶲科。它最初被歸類於溪鴝屬（Rhyacornis），但根據2010年發表的一項分子系統發生學研究，該物種被移至紅尾鴝屬（Phoenicurus）。^[2]^[3] 該物種有兩個已確認的亞種：Phoenicurus fuliginosus fuliginosus和Phoenicurus fuliginosus affinis。前者由尼古拉斯·艾爾沃德·維格於1831年描述，後者由威廉·羅伯特·奧格爾維-格蘭特於1906年描述，並分布於台灣。^[4] 在中國，雌鳥和一歲大的雄鳥上半身顏色較偏棕色，這導致有人將它們歸類為獨立的種族tenuirostris。^[4]

描述

鉛色水鶇的體長通常為14厘米（5.5英寸），^[5]雄鳥平均重量為22克（0.78盎司），雌鳥平均重量為18.8克（0.66盎司）。^[6] 雄鳥的顏色為灰藍色，尾巴呈鐵鏽紅色。^[7]^[8] 雌鳥則為淡灰色，並具有白色的腰部斑紋。^[5]^[8]

棲地

該鳥分布於阿富汗、孟加拉、不丹、中國、印度、寮國、緬甸、尼泊爾、巴基斯坦、台灣、泰國和越南。^[9]^[10] 它們偏好的棲地是溪流、^[9]溪溝^[8]和河流^[11]，尤其是有岩石和遮蔭的地區，^[12]以及靠近河岸的植被區域。^[9] 含有較多昆蟲（如蜉蝣）的溪流似乎更受其青睞。^[13]

它們通常生活在較高的海拔地區，在喜馬拉雅山脈地區的海拔約為2,000米（6,600英尺）^[14]至4,100米（13,500英尺）^[9]。然而，冬季它們往往會下降到較低的海拔。^[9]

鉛色水鶇在IUCN紅色名錄中被列為無危，因為過去十年其種群數量保持穩定。其分布範圍超過5,100,000平方公里（2,000,000平方英里）。^[15]

行為

鉛色水鶇對其棲地非常保護，^[16]對任何入侵其領土的生物會表現出極具攻擊性的行為。^[7] 為了捕捉河中的飛蟲，鉛色水鶇會垂直飛起，直到離水面至少20英尺（6.1米）高，然後盤旋滑翔回到原處。^[11]

圖庫

雄鳥，戈達瓦里，拉利特普爾，尼泊爾
雌性，顯示甩尾
男，查菲，奈尼塔爾, 北阿坎德邦
雄鳥鳴聲

参考文献

铅色水鸲 Phoenicurus fuliginosa Vigors, 1831. 台湾物种名录. 台湾: 中央研究院生物多样性研究中心. [2013-01-24] （中文（台湾））.

^ Rhyacornis fuliginosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. [26 November 2013].
^ Sangster, G.; Alström, P.; Forsmark, E.; Olsson, U. Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2010, 57 (1): 380–392. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57..380S. PMID 20656044. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008.
^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (编). Chats, Old World flycatchers. World Bird List Version 6.2. International Ornithologists' Union. [20 May 2016].
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Plumbeous Water-redstart (Rhyacornis fuliginosa). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Internet Bird Collection. 2003 [December 3, 2013].
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Bezruchka, Stephen; Lyons, Alonzo. Trekking Nepal: A Traveler's Guide. The Mountaineers Books. 2011: 291 [December 3, 2013]. ISBN 9781594854101.
^ Dunning, John B. Jr. CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses Second. CRC Press. December 5, 2007: 397 [December 3, 2013]. ISBN 9781420064452.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Lawrence, Walter Roper. The Valley of Kashmir. Asian Educational Services. 1895: 150 [December 3, 2013]. ISBN 9788120616301.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Herklots, Geoffrey Alton Craig. The Hong Kong Naturalist, Volumes 7–8. Newspaper Enterprise Limited. 1936: 150 [December 3, 2013].
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 Sibley, Charles Gald. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press. 1990: 538 [December 3, 2013]. ISBN 9780300049695.
^ MacKinnon, John Ramsay. A Field Guide to the Birds of China. Oxford University Press. June 8, 2000: 10 [December 3, 2013]. ISBN 9780198549406. plumbeous water redstart.
^ ^11.0 ^11.1 Ward, Francis Kingdon. Himalayan Enchantment: An Anthology. Serindia Publications, Inc. 1990: 173 [December 3, 2013]. ISBN 9780906026229. plumbeous water redstart.
^ Dudgeon, David; Corlett, Richard. Hills and Streams: An Ecology of Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. July 1, 1994: 140 [December 3, 2013]. ISBN 9789622093577.
^ Manel, Stéphanie; Dias, Jean-Marie; Ormerod, Steve J. Comparing discriminant analysis, neural networks and logistic regression for predicting species distributions: a case study with a Himalayan river bird. Ecological Modelling. August 17, 1999, 120 (2–3): 337–347. Bibcode:1999EcMod.120..337M. doi:10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00113-1.
^ Negi, Sharad Singh. Himalayan Wildlife, Habitat and Conservation. Indus Publishing. January 1, 1992: 108 [December 3, 2013]. ISBN 9788185182681.
^ Plumbeous Water-redstart (Rhyacornis fuliginosa). BirdLife International. 2013 [December 3, 2013].
^ Brazil, Mark. Birds of East Asia. A&C Black. January 14, 2009: 422 [December 3, 2013]. ISBN 9780713670400.

[1] Rhyacornis fuliginosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. [26 November 2013].

[2] Sangster, G.; Alström, P.; Forsmark, E.; Olsson, U. Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2010, 57 (1): 380–392. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57..380S. PMID 20656044. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008.

[ioc-3] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (编). Chats, Old World flycatchers. World Bird List Version 6.2. International Ornithologists' Union. [20 May 2016].

[IBC-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Plumbeous Water-redstart (Rhyacornis fuliginosa). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Internet Bird Collection. 2003 [December 3, 2013].

[nepal-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Bezruchka, Stephen; Lyons, Alonzo. Trekking Nepal: A Traveler's Guide. The Mountaineers Books. 2011: 291 [December 3, 2013]. ISBN 9781594854101.

[6] Dunning, John B. Jr. CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses Second. CRC Press. December 5, 2007: 397 [December 3, 2013]. ISBN 9781420064452.

[kashmir-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Lawrence, Walter Roper. The Valley of Kashmir. Asian Educational Services. 1895: 150 [December 3, 2013]. ISBN 9788120616301.

[naturalist-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Herklots, Geoffrey Alton Craig. The Hong Kong Naturalist, Volumes 7–8. Newspaper Enterprise Limited. 1936: 150 [December 3, 2013].

[distribution-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 Sibley, Charles Gald. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press. 1990: 538 [December 3, 2013]. ISBN 9780300049695.

[10] MacKinnon, John Ramsay. A Field Guide to the Birds of China. Oxford University Press. June 8, 2000: 10 [December 3, 2013]. ISBN 9780198549406. plumbeous water redstart.

[enchantment-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Ward, Francis Kingdon. Himalayan Enchantment: An Anthology. Serindia Publications, Inc. 1990: 173 [December 3, 2013]. ISBN 9780906026229. plumbeous water redstart.

[12] Dudgeon, David; Corlett, Richard. Hills and Streams: An Ecology of Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. July 1, 1994: 140 [December 3, 2013]. ISBN 9789622093577.

[13] Manel, Stéphanie; Dias, Jean-Marie; Ormerod, Steve J. Comparing discriminant analysis, neural networks and logistic regression for predicting species distributions: a case study with a Himalayan river bird. Ecological Modelling. August 17, 1999, 120 (2–3): 337–347. Bibcode:1999EcMod.120..337M. doi:10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00113-1.

[14] Negi, Sharad Singh. Himalayan Wildlife, Habitat and Conservation. Indus Publishing. January 1, 1992: 108 [December 3, 2013]. ISBN 9788185182681.

[15] Plumbeous Water-redstart (Rhyacornis fuliginosa). BirdLife International. 2013 [December 3, 2013].

[16] Brazil, Mark. Birds of East Asia. A&C Black. January 14, 2009: 422 [December 3, 2013]. ISBN 9780713670400.

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