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File:Ingrid Bergman, Gaslight 1944.jpg

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原始文件 (718 × 894像素,文件大小:164 KB,MIME类型:image/jpeg


摘要

描述
English: Press release publicity photo of Ingrid Bergman for film Gaslight (1944). Cropped from original upload of File:Ingrid Bergman - Gaslight 44.jpg ([1]). A few minor blemishes have been removed, but otherwise the image is unchanged from the original.
日期
来源 eBay
作者 MGM photographer
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本文件提取自另一个文件
:​Ingrid Bergman - Gaslight 44.jpg
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Original photograph
本作品在美国属于公有领域,因为其于1929至1977年(包括)间在美国出版,且没有著作权声明。更多详情,请参见共享资源:赫特图表以及公共艺术品“出版”的详细说明

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Additional source information:

English: This is a publicity still taken and publicly distributed to promote a film actor.
  • As stated by film production expert Eve Light Honathaner in The Complete Film Production Handbook (Focal Press, 2001, p. 211.):
    "Publicity photos (star headshots) have traditionally not been copyrighted. Since they are disseminated to the public, they are generally considered public domain, and therefore clearance by the studio that produced them is not necessary."
  • Nancy Wolff, in The Professional Photographer's Legal Handbook (Allworth Communications, 2007, p. 55.), notes:
    "There is a vast body of photographs, including but not limited to publicity stills, that have no notice as to who may have created them."
  • Film industry author Gerald Mast, in Film Study and the Copyright Law (1989, p. 87), writes:
    "According to the old copyright act, such production stills were not automatically copyrighted as part of the film and required separate copyrights as photographic stills. The new copyright act similarly excludes the production still from automatic copyright but gives the film's copyright owner a five-year period in which to copyright the stills. Most studios have never bothered to copyright these stills because they were happy to see them pass into the public domain, to be used by as many people in as many publications as possible."
  • Kristin Thompson, committee chairperson of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies writes in the conclusion of a 1993 conference of cinema scholars and editors[2], that:
    "[The conference] expressed the opinion that it is not necessary for authors to request permission to reproduce frame enlargements... [and] some trade presses that publish educational and scholarly film books also take the position that permission is not necessary for reproducing frame enlargements and publicity photographs."
Retouching
Creative Commons CC-Zero 本作品采用知识共享CC0 1.0 通用公有领域贡献许可协议授权。
采用本宣告发表本作品的人,已在法律允许的范围内,通过在全世界放弃其对本作品拥有的著作权法规定的所有权利(包括所有相关权利),将本作品贡献至公有领域。您可以复制、修改、传播和表演本作品,将其用于商业目的,无需要求授权。

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Publicity photo of Swedish actress Ingrid Bergman, 1944

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英格丽·褒曼 Chinese (Singapore)(已转写)

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当前2019年10月4日 (五) 16:172019年10月4日 (五) 16:17版本的缩略图718 × 894(164 KB)LemonreaderColor corrections
2018年6月15日 (五) 17:562018年6月15日 (五) 17:56版本的缩略图718 × 894(169 KB)Clpo13additional dust spots removed
2018年6月15日 (五) 17:432018年6月15日 (五) 17:43版本的缩略图720 × 894(167 KB)Clpo13User created page with UploadWizard

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