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帕伦克考古区

维基百科,自由的百科全书
帕伦克的前西班牙城和国家公园
世界遗产
官方名稱Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of Palenque(英文)
Ville prehispanique et parc national de Palenque(法文)
位置 墨西哥拉丁美洲和加勒比地区
標準文化:(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)
参考编码411
登录年份1987年(第11屆會議
帕伦克遗迹

帕伦克Palenque西班牙语发音:[pa'leŋke]猶加敦馬雅語Bàakʼ /ɓàːkʼ/,古代名称:Lakamha(直译:“大水”)),是7世纪的玛雅城邦,位于今墨西哥恰帕斯州境内的尤卡坦半島上。帕伦克是玛雅文明古典时期最重要的城邦之一。而以帕伦克城为首都的城邦则可能称作“B'aakal”。

至2005年,帕伦克被发掘完毕的区域约為2.5 km² (1 sq mi),但这不足其总体面积的十分之一。绝大多数的结构仍然被雨林所覆盖。2017年共有920,470次游客到访帕伦克[1]

名称

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16世纪西班牙征服墨西哥时,这座城市已经被遗弃。欧洲人对帕伦克的第一次到访是佩德罗·洛伦佐西班牙语Pedro Lorenzo de la Nada1567年。当时该地区被乔尔人英语Chʼol_people称作“Otolum”或“坚固的房屋之地”,他们将其翻译为帕伦克(Palenque,来自于加泰罗尼亚语中“Palenc”一个词),意思是“防御工事”。

历史

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早期的帕伦克历史可以追溯到奥尔梅克文明时期,奥尔梅克文明可能在此建立过一个王朝。玛雅文明古典时期,帕伦克是玛雅西部地区一个大邦,已知最早的统治者是K'uk B'alam I,他于公元431年3月11日登上帕伦克的王位。

帕伦克曾于公元599年和公元611年两次被卡拉克穆尔打败。公元615年,十二岁的巴加尔登基成为帕伦克国王,巴加尔在位时间长达68年。在巴加尔统治期间,帕伦克从衰弱中恢复过来,走向强大,进而成为玛雅西部地区政治上的霸主,因此现在历史学家也把巴加尔称作“巴加尔大帝”。令巴加尔在今天得以非常著名的另一件事1952年考古学家发现了巴加尔陵墓以及其中巴加尔本人的遗骸,位于一座高高的玛雅金字塔的地下,本来公认的玛雅金字塔的用途是神庙,与埃及作为陵墓的金字塔的用途完全不同,1952年的发现使得今天的历史学家开始重新审视玛雅金字塔的意义。而巴加尔石棺上的神话图案中类似于宇宙飞船的图案也曾经令许多人惊讶不已。(许多人以此为依据相信玛雅人拥有飞行器,或者是与外星人有着某种联系,不过一般严肃的历史学家仍然认为那只是个普通的神话图案,参见[1]

巴加尔以后,他的两个儿子坎巴拉姆二世奇塔姆二世英语Kʼinich Kʼan Joy Chitam II相继继位,把帕伦克王朝的兴盛时期又延续了四十年。巴加尔陵墓本身就是坎巴拉姆二世时修筑而成。从巴加尔开始的一百年间,是帕伦克的鼎盛时期,今天帕伦克遗迹中的主要建筑物均于此时候建成。

进入9世纪以后,同古典时期玛雅文明的其他城邦一样,帕伦克城市步入古典期崩溃,迅速衰落,并永远地被遗弃在了丛林之中。

统治者

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已知的帕伦克城邦的统治者

坎巴拉姆二世

现代历史

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今天,帕伦克遗迹已被列入世界文化遗产。

相關条目

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参考来源

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  1. ^ Estadística de Visitantes. INAH. [2018-03-25]. (原始内容存档于2012-07-08) (西班牙语). 

参考文献

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Archaeology of Native North America, 2010, Dean R. Snow, Prentice-Hall, New York. pp.

Robert Sharer英语Robert J. Sharer (1983) "The Ancient Maya" Stanford, California: Stanford University

外部連結

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