米德哈特憲法

《米德哈特宪法》是奥斯曼帝国蘇丹阿卜杜勒-哈米德二世，在米德哈特帕夏主持下，于1876年12月23日颁布的第一部土耳其宪法，确立了君主立宪制政体。虽然存在许多局限性，但它使土耳其走上了立宪之路。^[1]

參考資料

^ 土耳其颁布第一部宪法. [2019-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-05）.

參考文獻

Strauss, Johann. A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages. Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (编). The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy. Wurzburg: Orient-Institut Istanbul. 2010: 21–51 [2022-01-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-13）. (info page on book （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at Martin Luther University)

延伸閲讀

Koçunyan, Aylin. The Transcultural Dimension of the Ottoman Constitution. Firges, Pascal; Tobias Graf; Christian Roth; Gülay Tulasoğlu (编). Well-Connected Domains: Towards an Entangled Ottoman History. Brill. 2014-06-16 [2022-01-22]. ISBN 9789004274686. doi:10.1163/9789004274686_015. （原始内容存档于2022-01-22）.
Korkut, Huseyin. CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE OTTOMAN CONSTITUTION (1876). Epiphany: Journal of Transdisciplinary Studies. 2016, 9 (1): 114–123 [2022-01-22]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-30）. - author is of Kırklareli University
Marcou, Jean. Turquie : la constitutionnalisation inachevée. Égypte/Monde arabe. 2005, 2: 53–73 [2022-01-22]. doi:10.4000/ema.1054 . （原始内容存档于2022-01-22）（法语）. - Updated online 8 July 2008

Publications of the constitution in print

Perso-Arabic Ottoman Turkish: Kanun-i esasi. Constantinople: Matbaa-i amire. 1876. (Ottoman year: 1292)
Latin script Ottoman Turkish: Kili, Suna; A. Şeref Gözübüyük (编). Sened-i İttifaktan Günümüze Türk Anayasa Metinleri 1. Ankara: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. 1957: 31–44. - There are reprints
Official French: Constitution ottomane promulguée le 7 Zilhidjé 1294 (11/23 décembre 1876). Typographie et Lithographie centrales. 1876-12-23. - Julian date 11 December 1876
- Second print: Constitution ottomane promulguée le 7 Zilhidjé 1294 (11/23 décembre 1876) Rescrit (Hatt) de S.M.I. le Sultan. Constantinople: Loeffler. - Year may be 1876, but Strauss is uncertain
Armeno-Turkish Kanunu esasi memaliki devleti osmaniye. Constantinople: La Turquie. 1876.
Bulgarian: ОТТОМАНСКАТА КОНСТИТУЩЯ, ПРОВЪЗГЛАСЕНА на 7 зилхидже 1293 (₁₁/²³ Декемврш 1876) (Otomanskata konstitutsiya, provŭzglasena na 7 zilhidže 1293 (11/23 dekemvrii 1876)). Constantinople: “Hakikat” Press. 1876.
Greek: Оθωμανικόν Σύνταγμα ανακηρυχθέν τη 7 Ζιλχιτζέ 1293 (11/23 δεκεμβρίου 1876) (Othōmanikon Syntagma anakērychthen tē 7 Zilchitze 1293 (11/23 dekemvriou 1876). Constantinople: Typographion “Vyzantidos”. 1876.
Arabic: Tarjamat al-khaṭṭ ash-sharīf as-sulṭānī wa l-Qānūn al-asāsī. Constantinople: Al-Jawāʾib Press. - Islamic year 1293, circa 1876 Gregorian
Armenian: սահմանադրութիւն Օսմանյան պետութիւն (Sahmanadrut‘iwun Ôsmanean Petut‘ean). Istanbul: Masis. 1877.
Judaeo-Spanish: Konstitusyon del Imperio otomano proklamada el 7 zilhidje 1283 (7 Tevet 5637). Constantinople: Estamparia De Castro en Galata. 1877. - Hebrew calendar 5637

外部連結

"1876 KANUN-I ESASİ（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）." Constitutional Court of Turkey（英语：Constitutional Court of Turkey） (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasa Mahkemesi（土耳其語：Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasa Mahkemesi）) - About the constitution
Article on the Kanûn-ı Esâsî（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

Copies of the constitution

Original Ottoman Turkish version （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (basis of translation into languages used by Muslims)- at the website of the Constitutional Court of Turkey（英语：Constitutional Court of Turkey） (Modern Turkish transliteration （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (Ankara, 1982) with text version（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）)
French translation (the basis of translation into non-Muslim languages) published in:
- Annotated version: Ubicini, Abdolonyme. La constitution ottomane du 7 zilhidjé 1293 (23 décembre 1876) Expliquée et Annotée par A. Ubicini. Paris: A. Cotillon et C^o.. 1877. - PDF file
- Documents diplomatiques: 1875-1876-1877. Paris: 法國外交部. Imprimerie National. 1877: 272–289. - PDF document pages 281-298/545
- Administration de la revue générale. Revue générale treizième année 25. Brussels: Imprimerie E. Guyott. 1877: 319–330. - In the section "Documents historiques" (February, Chapter 10 which begins on page 319) - PDF document pages 332-343/1073
- Institut de droit international. Annuaire de l'Institut de droit international. Paris: G. Pedone. 1878: 296–316 [2019-09-15]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-18）. - Read online（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Text available（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - Online on 17 January 2011
Non-Muslim languages: Greek（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (PDF file（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）) from the Turkish, published by Voutyras Press, at the Veria Digital Library - From Sismanoglio Megaro of the Consulate Gen. of Greece in Istanbul ; Bulgarian（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Note the Greek is in the 纯正希腊语 style; for a portion in modern Demotic Greek（英语：Demotic Greek） (Δημοτική γλώσσα（希臘語：Δημοτική γλώσσα）) see Έθνη και κράτη στη Νοτιοανατολική Ευρώπη (PDF). : 70–71 [2019-09-15]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-02-15）. - Translated from the Boğaziçi English version by Professor Spyros Marketos, released in 2006
English translations:
- For a scientific English translation directly from the Ottoman Turkish version of the constitution, done by Max Bilal Heidelberger, see: Röder, Tilmann J. The Separation of Powers: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Grote, Rainer; Tilmann J. Röder (编). Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries. Oxford University Press USA. 2012-01-11: 321-372. ISBN 9780199759880. - Old ISBN 019975988X; "The Basic Law [Kanūn-ı Esāsī] of the Ottoman Empire of December 23, 1876"; p. 341（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）-352（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - from the copy published in the Düstūr（英语：Düstur） (Ottoman Official Gazette) 1st series (tertïb-i evvel), Volume 4, Pages 4-20.
- The Ottoman Constitution, Promulgated the 7th Zilbridje, 1293 (11/23 December, 1876). The American Journal of International Law（英语：The American Journal of International Law） (Cambridge University Press). 1908-10-01, 2 (4 (Supplement: Official Documents (Oct., 1908))): 367–387. JSTOR 2212668. doi:10.2307/2212668. - Translation inclosed in dispatch No. 113 in the MS. Records, 美国国务院, dated December 26, 1876 (PDF version)
- Translation（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, including the "Tanzimat Fermani -- The Rescript of Gülhane – Gülhane Hatt-i Hümayunu 3 November 1839", at 畢爾肯大學
- Full text of the First Ottoman Constitution (1876) - Translation posted by the Atatürk Institute of Modern Turkish History of 海峡大学, identity of the translator not stated. Alternate link with text of 1908 amendments（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Alternate link of regular version at（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）欧洲大学学院

[1] 土耳其颁布第一部宪法. [2019-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-05）.

[1]