美国的种族与犯罪
在美国，自20世紀以来，种族与犯罪之间的关系一直是公众和学术關注的焦點[1]。不同种族群体之间的犯罪率差异很大。在美国，大多数兇殺案的受害者与犯罪者属于黑人。
学术研究表明，在刑事案件中，一些少数族裔的比例过高，部分原因在于社会经济因素，如贫困、沒有受到良好教育以及接触有害化学品（例如鉛）和污染等因素[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]。與种族隔离有關的居住隔離也与犯罪率的种族差异有关，因为黑人歷史上長期被政府和私人阻止迁入繁荣的低犯罪率地区 [12][13][14]。
研究还表明，警察和司法系统存在着广泛的种族和族裔歧视[15][16][17][18][19]。研究人員通過大量学术文献比较了警察的搜查（表明被警方盤查的白人其實发现违禁品的比率较高）、法院保釋决定（表明在白人和黑人保释人數相同的情況下，白人在審判前违规行为较多）和判刑（表明当案件的基本事实和情况相似时，陪审团和法官对黑人的判刑比白人更严厉），推斷出有關种族歧视的因果關係[20][21][22][23]。
参考文献
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- ^ O’Flaherty, Brendan; Sethi, Rajiv. Crime and segregation. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. November 1, 2007, 64 (3): 391–405 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 0167-2681. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2006.07.005. （原始内容存档于2022-02-21） （英语）.
- ^ Shihadeh, Edward S.; Flynn, Nicole. Segregation and Crime: The Effect of Black Social Isolation on the Rates of Black Urban Violence. Social Forces. June 1, 1996, 74 (4): 1325–1352 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 0037-7732. doi:10.1093/sf/74.4.1325. （原始内容存档于2020-07-08） （英语）.
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- ^ Gabbidon & Greene (2005b:37); Bowling (2006:140). See also Sampson & Wilson (2005:177–178); Myrdal (1988:88).
- ^ Engel, Robin S. Bucerius, Sandra , 编. The Oxford Handbook of Ethnicity, Crime, and Immigration. Oxford University Press. 2014: 147 [2021-04-06]. ISBN 9780199859016. （原始内容存档于2021-04-14）.
- ^ Drakulich, Kevin; Rodriguez-Whitney, Eric, Intentional Inequalities and Compounding Effects, The Handbook of Race, Ethnicity, Crime, and Justice (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.), June 22, 2018: 17–38, ISBN 9781119113799, doi:10.1002/9781119113799.ch1
- ^ Hinton, Elizabeth; Cook, DeAnza. The Mass Criminalization of Black Americans: A Historical Overview. Annual Review of Criminology. June 29, 2020, 4: 261–286. ISSN 2572-4568. doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-060520-033306.
- ^ Rehavi, M. Marit; Starr, Sonja B. Racial Disparity in Federal Criminal Sentences. Journal of Political Economy. 2014, 122 (6): 1320–1354 [2021-04-06]. ISSN 0022-3808. doi:10.1086/677255. （原始内容存档于2021-04-17） （英语）.
- ^ Arnold, David; Dobbie, Will; Yang, Crystal S. Racial Bias in Bail Decisions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 2018, 133 (4): 1885–1932. doi:10.1093/qje/qjy012 （英语）.
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- ^ Black men sentenced to more time for committing the exact same crime as a white person, study finds. washingtonpost.com. [November 23, 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-16）.
