鹰嘴壳菜蛤

鹰嘴壳菜蛤
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	軟體動物門 Mollusca
纲：	双壳纲 Bivalvia
目：	贻贝目 Mytiloida
科：	殼菜蛤科 Mytilidae
属：	鹰嘴壳菜蛤属 Ischadium; Jukes-Browne, 1905
种：	鹰嘴壳菜蛤 I. recurvum
二名法
	Ischadium recurvum; (Rafinesque, 1820)

鹰嘴壳菜蛤属（学名：Ischadium）是贻贝科下的单型属，属下只有鹰嘴壳菜蛤（Ischadium recurvum）一种。^[1]鹰嘴壳菜蛤分布于北美洲大西洋沿岸，从鳕鱼角延伸至西印度群岛。^[1]鹰嘴壳菜蛤通常生长在美洲牡蛎（学名：Crassostrea virginica）的壳上。鹰嘴壳菜蛤栖息在潮下带，或在裸露的牡蛎可在冬季存活的、切萨皮克湾以南的潮间带。^[2]它们也会附着在其他坚硬的基底上，如人工鱼礁^[3]或死亡的半咸水蛤蜊河口马珂蛤（英语：Rangia cuneata）（学名：Rangia cuneata）的壳上。^[4]

捕食

鹰嘴壳菜蛤主要通过气味发现捕食者，其中包括捕食者自身的气味及周围死亡贝类的气味。鹰嘴壳菜蛤的天敌之一为蓝蟹（学名：Callinectes sapidus）。鹰嘴壳菜蛤是富含营养物质的优质猎物。相较于其他贻贝如侧肌蛤（英语：Musculus lateralis）（学名：Musculus lateralis，尚无权威译名），鹰嘴壳菜蛤在季节变化中能始终保持丰富的粗蛋白质、脂质和微量元素，以及较高的总能量。此外，鹰嘴壳菜蛤还含有更多的镁、铁、锌、铜和锰。^[5]

避免被捕食的策略

鹰嘴壳菜蛤通过构建更坚硬的壳来保护自己。壳的强度随着贻贝长度的增加而增强。^[6]结群的贻贝比单个个体更容易存活，因为在群体中，捕食者更难触及它们，也更难从群体中分离它们。贻贝利用足丝（英语：Byssus）来抵御捕食者。足丝是能将它们固着于其他基底上的纤维束。足丝越多，贻贝越难被移除。较大的贻贝能分泌出更多足丝，而较小的贻贝虽然将更多能量用于生成足丝，但由于体型和表面积较小，往往成为蓝蟹等捕食者的目标。^[7]

栖息地

鹰嘴壳菜蛤生长在美洲牡蛎礁上，这些牡蛎礁分布于墨西哥湾沿岸，特别是河口附近。^[7]鹰嘴壳菜蛤偏好在低盐度环境中觅食。随着盐度增加，滤水率，有机物摄食率和同化率都会降低。高盐度环境会对这种双壳类动物造成压力，影响其进食效率。^[8]鹰嘴壳菜蛤的存活与牡蛎床密切相关。在切萨皮克湾等地，疾病和过度捕捞导致牡蛎数量下降，从而导致鹰嘴壳菜蛤的数量减少。尽管鹰嘴壳菜蛤可以附着在其他坚硬基底上，但牡蛎数量的减少也会导致沉积物比率增加，从而减少鹰嘴壳菜蛤的可用基底。^[9]这使鹰嘴壳菜蛤的数量极易受牡蛎数量的影响。

参考资料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Abbott RT, Morris PA. A field guide to shells : Atlantic and Gulf coasts and the West Indies 4th. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1995: 17. ISBN 978-0-395-69779-5.
^ Bahr LM, Lanier WP. The ecology of intertidal oyster reefs of the South Atlantic coast: A community profile. (PDF). Program FWS/OBS/-81/15. US Fish Wildlife Service. 1981 [2023-07-04]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-07-05）.
^ Lipcius RN, Burke RP. Abundance, biomass and size structure of eastern oyster and hooked mussel on a modular artificial reef in the Rappahannock River, Chesapeake Bay. (PDF). Special Report in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering No. 390. (报告) (Gloucester Point, Va: Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary). 2006 [2023-07-04]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-07-01）.
^ Poirrier MA, Spalding EA, Franze CD. Lessons learned from a decade of assessment and restoration studies of benthic invertebrates and submersed aquatic vegetation in Lake Pontchartrain.. Journal of Coastal Research. 2009, SI54: 88–100. S2CID 129390976. doi:10.2112/SI54-005.1.
^ Harding E. Investigating the Effects of Predator and Injured Conspecific Effluent on Byssal Thread Production in the Hooked Mussel, Ischadium recurvum (Masters论文). University of West Georgia: 43. 2020 –通过Proquest.
^ Wells-Berlin AM, Perry MC, Kohn RA, Paynter KT, Ottinger MA. Composition, Shell Strength, and Metabolizable Energy of Mulinia lateralis and Ischadium recurvum as Food for Wintering Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata). PLOS ONE. 2015-05-15, 10 (5): e0119839. PMC 4433283 . PMID 25978636. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119839 .
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Cyrana M. Inducible Morphological Defenses in Hooked Mussels, Ischadium recurvum: Response to Native and Non-native Crab Predators (Masters论文). Hood College. 2014 –通过Proquest.
^ Galimany E, Lunt J, Domingos A, Paul VJ. Feeding Behavior of the Native Mussel Ischadium recurvum and the Invasive Mussels Mytella charruana and Perna viridis in FL, USA, Across a Salinity Gradient. Estuaries and Coasts. 2018-12-01, 41 (8): 2378–2388. ISSN 1559-2731. S2CID 91709968. doi:10.1007/s12237-018-0431-6 （英语）.
^ Graczyk TK, Fayer R, Lewis EJ, Trout JM, Farley CA. Cryptosporidium oocysts in Bent mussels (Ischadium recurvum) in the Chesapeake Bay. Parasitology Research. July 1999, 85 (7): 518–21. PMID 10382600. S2CID 32165658. doi:10.1007/s004360050590.

巫文隆. 拉漢/漢拉世界海貝名典初版. 基隆: 水產出版社. 1999: 176. ISBN 957-8596-52-9.

外部链接

维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源：鹰嘴壳菜蛤

[Abbott_19952-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Abbott RT, Morris PA. A field guide to shells : Atlantic and Gulf coasts and the West Indies 4th. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1995: 17. ISBN 978-0-395-69779-5.

[2] Bahr LM, Lanier WP. The ecology of intertidal oyster reefs of the South Atlantic coast: A community profile. (PDF). Program FWS/OBS/-81/15. US Fish Wildlife Service. 1981 [2023-07-04]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-07-05）.

[3] Lipcius RN, Burke RP. Abundance, biomass and size structure of eastern oyster and hooked mussel on a modular artificial reef in the Rappahannock River, Chesapeake Bay. (PDF). Special Report in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering No. 390. (报告) (Gloucester Point, Va: Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary). 2006 [2023-07-04]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-07-01）.

[4] Poirrier MA, Spalding EA, Franze CD. Lessons learned from a decade of assessment and restoration studies of benthic invertebrates and submersed aquatic vegetation in Lake Pontchartrain.. Journal of Coastal Research. 2009, SI54: 88–100. S2CID 129390976. doi:10.2112/SI54-005.1.

[5] Harding E. Investigating the Effects of Predator and Injured Conspecific Effluent on Byssal Thread Production in the Hooked Mussel, Ischadium recurvum (Masters论文). University of West Georgia: 43. 2020 –通过Proquest.

[6] Wells-Berlin AM, Perry MC, Kohn RA, Paynter KT, Ottinger MA. Composition, Shell Strength, and Metabolizable Energy of Mulinia lateralis and Ischadium recurvum as Food for Wintering Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata). PLOS ONE. 2015-05-15, 10 (5): e0119839. PMC 4433283 . PMID 25978636. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119839 .

[:02-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Cyrana M. Inducible Morphological Defenses in Hooked Mussels, Ischadium recurvum: Response to Native and Non-native Crab Predators (Masters论文). Hood College. 2014 –通过Proquest.

[8] Galimany E, Lunt J, Domingos A, Paul VJ. Feeding Behavior of the Native Mussel Ischadium recurvum and the Invasive Mussels Mytella charruana and Perna viridis in FL, USA, Across a Salinity Gradient. Estuaries and Coasts. 2018-12-01, 41 (8): 2378–2388. ISSN 1559-2731. S2CID 91709968. doi:10.1007/s12237-018-0431-6 （英语）.

[9] Graczyk TK, Fayer R, Lewis EJ, Trout JM, Farley CA. Cryptosporidium oocysts in Bent mussels (Ischadium recurvum) in the Chesapeake Bay. Parasitology Research. July 1999, 85 (7): 518–21. PMID 10382600. S2CID 32165658. doi:10.1007/s004360050590.

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