黄蹼洋海燕

黄蹼洋海燕
保护状况
	; 无危（IUCN 3.1）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	鸟纲 Aves
目：	鸌形目 Procellariiformes
科：	南海燕科 Oceanitidae
属：	洋海燕属 Oceanites
种：	黄蹼洋海燕 O. oceanicus
二名法
	Oceanites oceanicus; Kuhl, 1820
	分佈範圍（藍色）

黄蹼洋海燕（学名：Oceanites oceanicus）是海燕科的一种小型海鸟。是全球最广为分布的鸟类之一，主要生活在南半球的极地附近，夏季也会向北迁徙到北半球。估计全球有超过五千万对黄蹼洋海燕。^[2]黄蹼洋海燕的英文名为Wilson's storm petrel，用以纪念一位美籍苏格兰鸟类学家Alexander Wilson。

外观

黄蹼洋海燕是一种小型海鸟，体长16-18.5厘米，翼展38-42厘米。除了臀部和侧腹部为白色之外，其余全身羽毛均为深棕色。黄蹼洋海燕的翼下有明显的浅色条带状纹路。^[3]指间的蹼呈黄色，亚成体的蹼上有黑色斑点。^[4]^[5]

分布

黄蹼洋海燕在南极洲的海岸线及附近岛屿上繁殖。非繁殖期时，他们则是生活在大海上，当南半球的冬季来临时则会北上。相比太平洋，他们在大西洋更加常见。在非繁殖期时，黄蹼洋海燕是一种典型的远洋鸟类，再加上他们的繁殖地处南极，因此人们平时很难在陆地上看到他们。

行为

和其他很多鹱类一样，黄蹼洋海燕常贴近海平面低飞，捕食海面附近的猎物。即使风平浪静，他们也能利用海浪鼓起的微风飞行，并使用长腿帮助稳定身形。^[6]黄蹼洋海燕是高度群居的动物，也会跟随海船飞行。当他们觅食时会发出轻微的吱吱声。他们主要以海面的浮游无脊椎动物为食，很少跳入水里抓捕猎物。有时也会捕猎3-8厘米的小鱼。^[7]

黄蹼洋海燕的平均体重为40克，是南极最小的温血动物。^[8]他们在靠近大海的岩缝或小洞穴里筑巢繁殖，一次只产一枚卵。^[9]有时候，鸟巢会被积雪覆盖而被毁，甚至有时幼鸟也会因此死亡。在繁殖地，黄蹼洋海燕是严格的夜行性动物，甚至还会避免在月光明亮的夜晚外出，以逃避鸥和贼鸥的捕食。雌雄亲鸟均会喂养幼鸟。成鸟可以通过气味在黑暗中找到自己的巢。

參考資料

^ BirdLife International. Oceanites oceanicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. [26 November 2013].
^ Newton, Ian (1998). Population limitation in birds. Academic Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780080879239.
^ Flood, Robert L.; Thomas, Bryan (2007). "Identification of ‘black-and-white’ storm-petrels of the North Atlantic" (PDF). British Birds 100 (7): 407–442.
^ Quillfeldt, Petra; Schmoll, Tim; Peter, Hans-Ulrich (2000). "The use of foot web coloration for the estimation of prebreeder numbers in Wilson's storm-petrels, Oceanites oceanicus". Polar Biology 23 (11): 802–804. doi:10.1007/s003000000167.
^ Harrison, Peter (1983). "Identification of white-rumped North Atlantic petrels". British Birds 76 (4): 161–174.
^ Withers, P.C. (1979). "Aerodynamics and hydrodynamics of the 'hovering' flight of Wilson's Storm Petrel" (PDF). J. Exp. Biol. 80: 83–91.
^ Croxall, J.P.; North, A.W. (1988). "Fish prey of Wilson's storm petrel Oceanites oceanicus at South Georgia (Antarctica)" (PDF). British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 78: 37–42.
^ Obst, B.S.; Nagy, Kenneth A.; Ricklefs, Robert E. (1987). "Energy Utilization by Wilson's Storm Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus)". Physiological Zoology 60 (2): 200–210.
^ Gladbach, A.; Braun, C.; Nordt, A.; Peter, H-U; Quillfeldt, P. (2009). "Chick provisioning and nest attendance of male and female Wilson's storm petrels Oceanites oceanicus" (PDF). Polar Biology 32 (9): 1315–1321. doi:10.1007/s00300-009-0628-z.

[IUCN-1] BirdLife International. Oceanites oceanicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. [26 November 2013].

[2] Newton, Ian (1998). Population limitation in birds. Academic Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780080879239.

[3] Flood, Robert L.; Thomas, Bryan (2007). "Identification of ‘black-and-white’ storm-petrels of the North Atlantic" (PDF). British Birds 100 (7): 407–442.

[4] Quillfeldt, Petra; Schmoll, Tim; Peter, Hans-Ulrich (2000). "The use of foot web coloration for the estimation of prebreeder numbers in Wilson's storm-petrels, Oceanites oceanicus". Polar Biology 23 (11): 802–804. doi:10.1007/s003000000167.

[5] Harrison, Peter (1983). "Identification of white-rumped North Atlantic petrels". British Birds 76 (4): 161–174.

[6] Withers, P.C. (1979). "Aerodynamics and hydrodynamics of the 'hovering' flight of Wilson's Storm Petrel" (PDF). J. Exp. Biol. 80: 83–91.

[7] Croxall, J.P.; North, A.W. (1988). "Fish prey of Wilson's storm petrel Oceanites oceanicus at South Georgia (Antarctica)" (PDF). British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 78: 37–42.

[8] Obst, B.S.; Nagy, Kenneth A.; Ricklefs, Robert E. (1987). "Energy Utilization by Wilson's Storm Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus)". Physiological Zoology 60 (2): 200–210.

[9] Gladbach, A.; Braun, C.; Nordt, A.; Peter, H-U; Quillfeldt, P. (2009). "Chick provisioning and nest attendance of male and female Wilson's storm petrels Oceanites oceanicus" (PDF). Polar Biology 32 (9): 1315–1321. doi:10.1007/s00300-009-0628-z.

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