合理推诿

合理推诿，又译作似是而非的否认，指人，尤高级官员，否认对他人，尤下属，不良行为的了解或责任。合理推诿的能力（英语：plausible deniability）来自于缺少证据，即使他们参与或默许了这一行为。缺少证明他们参与或默许了这一行为的证据，使否认表面上合理、可信，但有时仅为了不受控告。

尽管合理推诿的现象存在已久，此词由美国中央情报局（CIA）于1960年代初创造，指中情局向高级官员隐瞒信息，以保护他们，在中情局非法或不光彩的行为为公众所知的情况下，不受影响。

1948年6月18日，美国总统哈里·杜鲁门的国家安全委员会第10/2号文件将“秘密行动”定义为“⋯⋯此政府针对敌对的外国国家或团体，或支持友好的外国国家或团体，经计划与执行，使美国政府的责任对无授权人士看似不明显，且如果发现，美国政府可以合理地否认对它们的任何责任，进行或赞助的所有活动（除非另外说明）。”^{[注 1]}^[1]在艾森豪威尔执政期间，NSC 10/2被纳入更具体的NSC 5412/2“秘密行动”。^[2]NSC 5412于1977年解密，并位于国家档案馆。^[3]

备注

^ ...all activities (except as noted herein) which are conducted or sponsored by this Government against hostile foreign states or groups or in support of friendly foreign states or groups but which are so planned and executed that any US Government responsibility for them is not evident to unauthorized persons and that if uncovered the US Government can plausibly disclaim any responsibility for them.

参考文献

^ Office of the Historian, Department of State. National Security Council Directive on Office of Special Projects (NSC 10/2) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Washington, June 18, 1948.
^ Office of the Historian, Department of State. Covert Operations (NSC 5412/2) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Washington, undated.
^ Records of the National Security Council (NSC), Record Group 273. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[1] ...all activities (except as noted herein) which are conducted or sponsored by this Government against hostile foreign states or groups or in support of friendly foreign states or groups but which are so planned and executed that any US Government responsibility for them is not evident to unauthorized persons and that if uncovered the US Government can plausibly disclaim any responsibility for them.

[2] Office of the Historian, Department of State. National Security Council Directive on Office of Special Projects (NSC 10/2) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Washington, June 18, 1948.

[3] Office of the Historian, Department of State. Covert Operations (NSC 5412/2) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Washington, undated.

[4] Records of the National Security Council (NSC), Record Group 273. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[注 1]

[1]

[2]

[3]