草稿:反刍性思考
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[1]https://en-two.iwiki.icu/wiki/Rumination_(psychology)
反刍性思考是集中注意力于个人精神痛苦的症状上。1998年,苏姗·诺伦-霍克西玛提出了反应风格理论(Response Styles Theory),[2][3] 这是目前最广泛使用的反反刍性维概念化模型。然而,其他理论也提出了不同的反刍性定义。例如,在目标进展理论中,反刍被定义为一种“对未能朝着目标取得满意进展的反应”[4],而不是对心境的反应。[5]根据多项研究,反刍性思考是一种机制,它发展并维持诸如焦虑、忧郁和其他负面精神病理学状态。反刍性思考有一些已定义的模型,主要透过测量工具来解释。[6] 存在多种工具用以测量反刍性思考。专门针对反刍性思考模式的治疗仍处于发展的初期阶段。[7]
理论
[编辑]反应风格理论
[编辑]反应风格理论(RST)最初将反刍定义为被动且重复地集中于个人忧郁症状及这些症状的可能原因与后果。[8] 作为这一定义的证据,反刍已被发现与忧郁症状的发展、维持和加剧有关。[9][10] 以及重度忧郁症的发作[11] 最近,反应风格理论(RST)已将反刍的定义从忧郁症扩展到包括对个人心理困扰的原因、后果和症状的被动且重复的集中注意。这一变化是因为反刍已与许多心理障碍有关,而不仅限于忧郁症。[12][2]
最近,反应风格理论(RST)已将反刍的定义从忧郁症扩展到包括对个人心理困扰的原因、后果和症状的被动且重复的集中注意。这一变化是因为反刍已与许多心理障碍有关,而不仅限于忧郁症。[13] 然而,文献指出,积极的转移注意力可能并不像先前所认为的那样有效。[12][2]
具体来说,S-REF模型将反刍定义为由于试图应对 自我差异而产生的重复性思维,这些思维主要集中于处理与 自我相关的资讯内容,而非立即的目标导向行动。”[14]
简单来说,当一个人反刍时,他们会试图回答以下问题:
- 我对这个事件的感受是什么?
- 我该如何改变对这个事件的想法和感受?
- 我该如何防止未来出现困扰的想法和感受?
然而,在回答这些问题时,反刍者往往更专注于自己的情绪(即“自我参照信息”),而不是问题解决(即“以目标为导向的行动”)。[14]
后设认知也是S-REF模型中的一个重要部分,帮助解释反刍与抑郁之间的联系。[8]具体来说,那些持有“正向元认知信念”的人认为反刍能帮助理解负面思想和情绪,或确保防止相同情绪的发生。[15] 这些人或许最初会因为强烈的毅力而积极参与反刍。[16] 然而,那些曾经积极从事正向反刍行为的人,在遇到负面情绪时,更可能将反刍当作应对机制来使用。这会使个体将反刍视为令人不快、难以控制且“对社会有害”的行为。[16][17] 反刍还有一种倾向,即随着情绪在身体中的上升而放大,从而开始抑郁的 downward-moving spiral(向下螺旋)。[18] 个体的“负向后设认知信念”随后会促进抑郁的发展和维持。[16]
目标进展理论
[编辑]Goal Progress Theory,简称GPT),有时也被称为控制理论,旨在解释反刍作为目标进展的结果。具体来说,GPT将反刍视为蔡加尼克效应(Zeigarnik Effect)的一个例子,该效应表明,个体更可能记住未完成任务的信息,而非已完成任务的信息。这表明,个体更有可能记住未完成任务的信息,而非已完成任务的信息。[4][12] 基于这一理解,目标进展理论(GPT)将反刍定义为“反复思考尚未达成的重要高阶目标”或对于尚未取得足够进展的目标的思考倾向。 [12][19]
GPT预测,那些与目标相关的信息容易被提取的个体,更可能进行反刍。各种研究支持了这一预测。然而,这种反刍更集中于问题解决,而不是由反刍-焦点理论(RST)所描述的反刍。[20]
病理学
[编辑]大量关于反刍或自我反思的研究表明,负向反刍(与烦躁相关)会干扰人们集中精力解决问题的能力,并导致过度沉溺于对过去失败的负面思维中。[21] 来自研究的证据表明,反刍的负面影响源于认知偏差,如记忆偏差和注意力偏差,这些偏差使反刍者倾向于选择性地将注意力集中在负面刺激上。[22]
反刍的有机原因尚未完全理解。研究已经发现大脑预设模式网络(default mode network)中的某些区域会被激活,这些区域被认为是反刍的神经基质,但关于反刍的脑成像研究仍然有限。[23]
负向反刍的倾向是一个随时间稳定存在的常数,并且是临床抑郁的重要风险因素。习惯性反刍者不仅更容易变得抑郁,实验研究也表明,当人们被诱导进行反刍时,他们会经历更强烈的抑郁情绪。[9] 也有证据表明,反刍与一般焦虑、创伤后压力症、暴饮、饮食失调和自我伤害行为有关。[2] 研究表明,反刍与非自杀性自我伤害的频率较高有所关联,并且与有过非自杀性自我伤害历史的关联更为密切。[24]
最初,反刍被认为能预测抑郁症状的持续时间。换句话说,反刍问题被认为是一种记忆复述的形式,这种方式被认为实际上会延长抑郁的经历。然而,目前的证据表明,尽管反刍会促进抑郁,但它不一定与症状的持续时间相关。[2]
关于管控功能与反刍之间关系的研究结果不一。一些研究观察到反刍与两种执行功能能力——转换设置(set-shifting)和抑制(inhibition)之间存在负相关 (几率论),但这些关系的强度尚不明确。[25][26] 另有一项研究则只发现反刍与一项执行功能之间存在关联,具体而言,是指从工作记忆中丢弃过去信息的能力。[27] 然而,其他研究则未发现反刍与工作记忆之间存在关联。[25][26]
类型
[编辑]反刍的理论根据各自的概念化对反刍思维的内容有不同的预测。一些模型提出,反刍主要集中在负面情绪状态和/或与该情绪相关的情境上(如反刍-焦点理论(RST)、对悲伤的反刍、五因素模型等)。[28] 负向认知风格(negative cognitive style)[29] 社交恐惧症(social phobia)[30] 其他模型则将反刍集中于个体当前状态与理想状态之间的差异(例如目标进展模型、反刍的概念性评价模型)。最后,还有一些模型认为,最重要的是元认知中的负向主题,特别是关于不可控制性和伤害的观念。[2] ome common thoughts that are characteristic of ruminative responses are questioning the well-being of oneself and focusing on the possible causes and consequences of one's depressive symptoms (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991). For example, some ruminative thoughts include "why am I such a loser", "I'm in such a bad mood" or "I just don't feel like doing anything" [13]
反刍有几种类型
- 行动反刍(Action rumination),指的是以目标达成和纠正错误为中心的任务导向思维过程。[31]
- 事件后处理(Post-event processing),是指对社交失败或尴尬的活动或情境进行反复详尽的回顾,并将这些事件视为比实际情况更负面或引发焦虑,并通过反复回忆类似的偏见记忆来加强这种感觉[30][33]
- 压力反应性反刍(Stress-reactive rumination) ,是指的是对由特定压力事件引发的痛苦经历进行详尽的回顾,并且通过认知偏差将这些事件记忆为比实际情况更具压力的事件,同时触发抑郁情绪[29][34]
测量
[编辑]有多种工具用于测量反刍,这些包括以下几种:
反刍反应量表(Ruminative Responses Scale, RRS)
[编辑]反刍的倾向可以通过《反应风格问卷》(Response Styles Questionnaire)中的反刍反应量表(Ruminative Responses Scale, RRS)来评估。这个量表主要用来测量个体在情绪困扰时反刍的频率和方式,特别是对负面情绪的反应。量表包括多个项目,这些项目评估了个体是否倾向于反复思考情绪的原因、后果,或是仅仅专注于情绪本身。[35][36] 在这个测量中,个体被要求在感到悲伤或沮丧时,指出他们有多频繁地从事22种反刍的思维或行为。这些项目涵盖了各种反刍的表现,包括对情绪的持续思考、对过去事件的回顾,或对未来可能情境的担忧。这有助于评估反刍行为的频率及其与情绪困扰的关联。
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