用户:Cypp0847/Testing2
| 伊莎贝拉及莫蒂默军事行动 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.svg) 伊莎贝拉等人进攻路线以绿色标示， 爱德华二世等人撤退路线以啡色标示 | |||||||
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| 参战方 | |||||||
| 亲王派 | 逆众派 | ||||||
| 指挥官与领导者 | |||||||
 爱德华二世（被俘） 小迪潘晨  温车士打伯爵 .svg){kind=small} 亚兰杜伯爵 |
 埃诺伯爵[4] | ||||||
| 兵力 | |||||||
| 不明 | 1,500（入侵）[4] | ||||||
| 伤亡与损失 | |||||||
| 不明 | 不明 | ||||||
1326年，英格兰王后法兰西的伊莎贝拉连同情夫罗杰·莫蒂默入侵英格兰，导致权倾朝野的小迪潘晨被俘虏、伊莎贝拉丈夫爱德华二世被废黜，结束insurrection and civil war[2][3]。
背景
[编辑]罗杰·莫蒂默是位影响力巨大的边疆贵族，与富有的嗣女妻子锺·展维育有十二子女。1322年，莫蒂默被国王爱德华二世逮捕，之后被囚伦敦塔。莫蒂默的叔叔卓男爵在狱中逝世，而莫蒂默则成功在翌年越狱。他凿壁后逃上天台，在友人协助下经绳梯跳入泰晤士河，最终抵达法国[5]。有维多利亚时期作者认为，伊莎贝拉有可能协助莫蒂默越狱，致使有历史学家提出二人在此时之前已开展关系，不过暂未有确凿证据证明二人在巴黎见面前已有稳定关系[6]。
1325年，阿基坦公爵兼太子爱德华前赴法国，向法国的查理四世行封臣臣服之礼[7]。伊莎贝拉偕同儿子赴法，王后就是在此行期间与莫蒂默发展关系[8]。伊莎贝拉的cousin埃诺伯爵夫人向莫蒂默介绍她，又提议爱德华太子娶伯爵夫人的女儿菲莉琶为妻，让两个家族联婚[9]。同年12月起，伊莎贝拉和莫蒂默越渐亲密。但在中世纪欧洲而言，已婚妇人不忠不贞乃是大罪，她的两名sisters-in-law正正因此罪而被囚，最终在1326年逝世，亦即尼劳塔案[10]。因此，历史学家深究伊莎贝拉为何敢于发展恋情，大多数人同意二人被对方深深吸引[11]，其中一人更称之为“中世纪最浪漫的爱情”[12]。二人不仅对亚瑟王传奇有兴趣，亦钟情美术和富裕生活[11]，以及憎恨爱德华二世政权和迪潘晨家族[2]。
1326年1月，伊莎贝拉向查理行完臣服仪式后，英王要求伊莎贝拉归国。伊莎贝拉以流放晓·迪潘晨作为返国条件，但爱德华拒绝，继而切断所有对妻子的金钱援助[3]。伊莎贝拉转而求助查理，但对方只准许她住在王宫，直至教宗若望二十二世表态反对伊莎贝拉，导致查理要求她离开，二人之后亦多年没再交流[13]。1326年3月前，莫蒂默在英格兰的支持者开始赠送二人食物和装甲等[14]，爱德华试图阻截这些援助，并下令港口留意有否间谍渗入[15]。迪潘晨的权力亦日渐被挑战，The authority of the Despenser regime suffered an increasing amount of rebellious acts including the audacious killing of the Baron of the Exchequer, Roger de Beler by Eustace Folville, Roger la Zouch and their gang.
伊莎贝拉与莫蒂默得不到法国的支持后，二人在1326年夏季带同太子爱德华到神圣罗马帝国，投靠埃诺伯爵威廉一世[13][16]。伊莎贝拉亦为太子与伯爵女儿菲莉琶订下婚期[17]，透过嫁妆招买雇佣兵，scouring Brabant for men, which were added to a small force of Hainaut troops.[18]。威廉亦给予伊莎贝拉八艘战人军舰和几艘小型军船，作为婚约一部分。Although Edward now feared an invasion, secrecy remained key, and Isabella convinced William to detain envoys from Edward.[18] Isabella also appears to have made a secret agreement with the Scots for the duration of the forthcoming campaign.[19]
入侵
[编辑]After a short period of confusion during which they attempted to work out where they had landed, Isabella moved quickly inland, dressed in her widow's clothes. A number of her key supporters immediately joined her, perhaps having been forewarned of her arrival, including the Bishops of Lincoln and Hereford.[20] Local levies, mobilised to stop them, immediately changed sides, and victims of the Despensers and relatives of Contrariants flocked to their cause.[20] By the following day Isabella was in Bury St Edmunds and shortly afterwards had swept inland to Cambridge.[21] Thomas, Earl of Norfolk, joined Isabella's forces and Henry, Earl of Leicester—the brother of the late Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, and Isabella's uncle—also announced he was joining Isabella's faction, marching south to join her. On 26 September, Isabella entered Cambridge.[22]
By 27 September, word of the invasion had reached the King and the Despensers in London. Edward issued orders to local sheriffs, including Richard de Perrers the High Sheriff of Essex, to mobilise opposition to Isabella and Mortimer, but with little confidence that they would be acted upon as he suspected that Perrers detested the Despensers.[20] London itself was becoming unsafe due to local unrest and Edward made plans to leave. Isabella struck west again, reaching Oxford on 2 October where she was "greeted as a saviour"—Adam Orleton, the Bishop of Hereford, emerged from hiding to give a lecture to the university on the evils of the Despensers.[21] Edward fled London on the same day, heading west toward Wales. Isabella and Mortimer now had an effective alliance with the Lancastrian opposition to Edward, bringing all of his opponents into a single coalition.[2]
Isabella now marched south towards London, pausing at Dunstable on 7 October. London was now in the hands of the mobs, although broadly allied to Isabella. Bishop Walter de Stapledon, unfortunately, failed to realise the extent to which royal power had collapsed in the capital and tried to intervene militarily to protect his property against rioters; a hated figure locally, he was promptly attacked and killed, his head being later sent to Isabella by her local supporters. Edward, meanwhile, was still fleeing west, reaching Gloucester by the 9th. Isabella responded by marching swiftly west herself in an attempt to cut him off, reaching Gloucester a week after Edward, who slipped across the border into Wales the same day.[23] Isabella was joined by the northern baronage led by Thomas Wake, Henry de Beaumont and Henry Percy which now gave her total military superiority.[20]
Hugh Despenser the Elder continued to hold Bristol against Isabella and Mortimer, who placed it under siege from 18 October until 26 October when it fell.[1] Isabella was able to recover her daughters Eleanor of Woodstock and Joan of the Tower, who had been kept in the Despenser's custody. By now desperate and increasingly deserted by their court, Edward and Hugh Despenser the younger attempted to sail to Lundy, a small island just off the Devon coast, but the weather was against them and after several days they were forced to land back in Wales.[24]
With Bristol secure, Isabella moved her base of operations up to the border town of Hereford, from where she ordered Henry of Lancaster to locate and arrest her husband.[25] After a fortnight of evading Isabella's forces in South Wales, Edward and Hugh were finally caught and arrested near Llantrisant on 16 November, which brought an end to the insurrection and the civil war.[26]
后续
[编辑]Edward II died somehow, most likely assassinated by orders of Isabella and Mortimer. What is known is that both Hugh Despenser the younger and Edmund Fitzalan were both hanged, drawn, and quartered. The deaths of Fitzalan, Despenser the younger, Despenser the elder and Edward II brought an end to the civil war, saw the start of a year of looting of the Despensers' estates and the issuing of pardons to thousands of people falsely indicted by them.[23]
On 31 March 1327, under Isabella's instruction, Edward III agreed a peace treaty with Charles IV of France: Aquitaine would be returned to Edward, with Charles receiving 50,000 livres, the territories of Limousin, Quercy, the Agenais and Périgord, and the Bazas country, leaving the young Edward with a much reduced territory.[27]
引用
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Prestwich pp 86-87
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Lehman pp 141-42
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Richardson p 61
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Weir (2006), p 223
- ^ Weir (2006), p 153
- ^ Weir (2006), p 154; see Mortimer, 2004 pp 128-9 for the alternative perspective.
- ^ Ormrod, W. Mark. "England: Edward II and Edward III." The New Cambridge Medieval History. Ed. Michael Jones. Cambridge University Press, 2000. Cambridge Histories Online. Cambridge University Press. p. 278
- ^ Ormrod, p 287
- ^ Weir (2006), p 194
- ^ A point born out by Mortimer, 2004, p.140
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Weir (2006), p 197
- ^ Mortimer (2004) p 141
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Weir (2006), p 215
- ^ Patent Rolls 1232–1509.
- ^ Close Rolls 1224–1468.
- ^ Prestwich p 86 there was no danger from France for Isabella found her support from Hainaut
- ^ Kibler p 477
- ^ 18.0 18.1 Weir (2006), p 221
- ^ Weir (2006), p 222
- ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Fryde 1979
- ^ 21.0 21.1 Fryde pp 182-86
- ^ Weir (2006), p 226
- ^ 23.0 23.1 Fryde pp 190-92
- ^ Haines p 224
- ^ Wier (2006), p 234
- ^ Richardson p 643
- ^ Neillands, p.32.
文献
[编辑]- Costain, Thomas Bertram. The three Edwards Volume 3 of History of the Plantagenets. Doubleday. 1962.
- Doherty, P.C.Isabella and the Strange Death of Edward II. London: Robinson. 2003. ISBN 1-84119-843-9.
- Fryde, Natalie. The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II 1321-1326. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1979. ISBN 9780521222013.
- Fryde, Natalie. The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II 1321-1326. Cambridge University Press. 2004. ISBN 9780521548069.
- Haines, Roy Martin. King Edward II: His Life, His Reign, and Its Aftermath, 1284-1330. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. 2003. ISBN 9780773570566.
- Lehman, Eugene. Lives of England's Reigning and Consort Queen. Author House. 2011. ISBN 9781463430559.
- Lumley, Joseph. Chronicon Henry Knighton I. London: HMSO. 1895.
- Mortimer, Ian. The Perfect King: The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation. London: Vintage Books. 2008. ISBN 978-0-09-952709-1.
- Neillands, Robin. The Hundred Years War History. Routledge. 2001. ISBN 9780415261302.
- Close Rolls. Westminster: Parliament of England. 1224–1468.
- Patent Rolls. Westminster: Parliament of England. 1232–1509.
- Prestwich, Michael. The Three Edwards: War and State in England, 1272–1377. Psychology Press. 2003. ISBN 9780415303095.
- Weir, Alison. Queen Isabella: She-Wolf of France, Queen of England. London: Pimlico Books. 2006. ISBN 978-0-7126-4194-4.
[[Category:英格蘭戰役]]
[[Category:1326 in England]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1326]]
[[Category:入侵英格兰]]