中观应成派
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中观应成派（梵语：Prāsaṅgika Madhyamaka），又称随应破派、必过性空派，大乘佛教中观学派之下的支派之一，由佛护、月称建立。这个派别的学说未传入汉传佛教，但在藏传佛教传承下来。后世的格鲁派主要采取他们的见解，并将此认定为中观派的主流。[1]
名称
[编辑]此派得名于他们使用的辩论技巧。他们采用随应破（prasaṅga）的方式来阐述空性。清辩采用自立量来作为辩论技巧，与他们形成对立，被称为中观自续派（svātantrika）。
随应破，又译为堕过，最早起源于龙树《中论》。本意为“堕于过失”，这种辩论技巧认为对方的主张中必有过失，寻找出其过失，就可破斥其主张。当对方最后所有的立论都失败之后，就可以确认一切法都没有实体，亦即是空性的。
月称解释这种方法，为自无宗故。宗（pratijñā）是因明学术语，指主张命题；自无宗，也就是自身不需要先提出自己的意见与见解。这派的见解，同于嘉祥吉藏所说“破邪即是显正”的见解。
历史
[编辑]随应破派的名称，最早起于佛护、月称。佛护为《中论》作注，提出随应破方法，被清辩认为此法不合理，主张应采自立量。其徒月称反驳清辩的见解，之后形成一个宗派，在那烂陀寺中传承。
月称的见解，之后为寂天继承。经阿底峡传入西藏，在噶当派中传承。经宗喀巴，成为格鲁派的中心宗义。
注释
[编辑]- ^ Padmakara Translation Group 2005，第386, note 12页.
参考文献
[编辑]- 主要参考资料
- Geshe Kelsang Gyatso, Ocean of Nectar, Tharpa Publications, 1995, ISBN 978-0-948006-23-4
- Shantarakshita; Ju Mipham, The Adornment of the Middle Way, Padmakara Translation, 2005, ISBN 1-59030-241-9
- Tsong Khapa, The great treatise on the stages of the path to enlightenment: Volume 3, Snow Lion Publications, 2002, ISBN 1-55939-166-9
- Tsonghkhapa, Ocean of Reasoning, Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-19-514732-2
- 次要参考资料
- Brunhölzl, Karl, Center of the Sunlit Sky: Madhyamaka in the Kagyu Tradition, Snow Lion Publications, 2004
- Garfield, Jay L.; Thakchöe, Sonam, Identifying the Object of Negation and the Status of Conventional Truth: Why the dGag Bya Matters So Much to Tibetan Mādhyamikas, Cowherds (编), Moonshadows: Conventional Truth in Buddhist Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 2011
- Cheng, Hsueh-Li, The Roots of Zen Buddhism, Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 1981, 8: 451–478 [2021-01-22], doi:10.1111/j.1540-6253.1981.tb00267.x, （原始内容存档于2019-06-02）
- Dreyfus, Georges B.J.; McClintock, L. Sara, Introduction, Dreyfus, Georges B.J.; McClintock, L. Sara (编), Svatantrika-Prasangika Distinction: What Difference Does a Difference Make?, Simon and Schuster, 2015
- Hopkins, Jeffrey, A Tibetan Perspective on the Nature of Spiritual Experience, Buswell, Jr., Robert E.; Gimello, Robert M. (编), Paths to Liberation. The Marga and its Transformations in Buddhist Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, 1994
- Hopkins, Jeffrey, Emptiness Yoga, Kalachakra Tantra. Rite of Initiation, Wisom Publications, 1999
- Jinpa, Thupten, Negation, identyfying its object, Leaman, Oliver (编), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy, Routledge, 2006
- Newland, Guy, Schijn en werkelijkheid. De twee waarheden in de vier boeddhistische leerstelsels, KunchabPublicaties, 1999
- Padmakara Translation Group, Translator's Introduction, The Adornment of the Middle Way. Shantarakshita’s Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham, Shambhala, 2005
- Padmakara Translation Group, Translator's Introduction, Introduction to the Middle Way. Candrakirti’s Madhyamakavatara; with commentary by Ju Mipham, Shambhala, 2012
- Rizzi, Cesare, Candrakīrti, Motilal Banarsidass, 1988
- Web-sources
延伸阅读
[编辑]- 导论
- Lopez, Introduction; Chapter 2: Svatantrika and Prasangika, A Study of Svatantrika, Snow Lion Publications, 1987
- Padmakara Translation Group, Translator's Introduction, The Adornment of the Middle Way. Shantarakshita’s Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham, Shambhala, 2005
- Padmakara Translation Group, Translator's Introduction, Introduction to the Middle Way. Candrakirti’s Madhyamakavatara; with commentary by Ju Mipham, Shambhala, 2012
- 印度中观
- della Santina, Peter. Madhyamaka Schools in India. Motilal Banarsidass. Delhi. (1986)
- 西藏中观(主要/次要 参考资料)
- Candrakirti; Ju Mipham, Introduction to the Middle Way. Candrakirti’s Madhyamakavatara; with commentary by Ju Mipham, Shambhala, 2012 (Candrakirti/Nyingma)
- Shantarakshita; Ju Mipham, The Adornment of the Middle Way, Shambhala, 2005, ISBN 1-59030-241-9 (Shantarakshita/Nyingma)
- Tsong Khapa, The great treatise on the stages of the path to enlightenment: Volume 3, Snow Lion Publications, 2002, ISBN 1-55939-166-9 (Gelugpa)
- Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama; 14th Dalai Lama; Berzin, Alexander, Session 10, The Gelug/Kagyu Tradition of Mahamudra (PDF), Shambhala, 1997 [2021-01-22], （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-01-29） (Gelugpa)
- Jang-Gya; Lopez, Donald, A Study of Svatantrika, Snow Lion Publications, 1987 (Gelugpa)
- Brunhölzl, Karl, Center of the Sunlit Sky: Madhyamaka in the Kagyu Tradition, Snow Lion Publications, 2004 (Kagyu)
- Cabezon, J. I.; Lobsang Dargyay, Freedom from Extremes. Gorampa's "Distinguishing the View" and the Polemics of Emptiness, Wisdom, 2007 (Sakya)
- 西藏中观(次要参考资料)
- Dreyfus, Georges B.J.; McClintock, L. Sara (编), Svatantrika-Prasangika Distinction: What Difference Does a Difference Make?, Wisdom Publications, 2003
- Vose, Kevin Alan, The Birth of Prāsaṅgika: A Buddhist Movement in India and Tibet, University of Virginia, 2005
- Jay L. Garfield (2011), Identifying the Object of Negation and the Status of Conventional Truth: Why the dGag Bya Matters So Much to Tibetan Mādhyamikas （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. In: Moonshadows: Conventional Truth in Buddhist Philosophy （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Oxford University Press ( focuses on the debate between Tsongkhapa and Gorampa)
- Phuntsho, Karma. Mipham's Dialectics and Debates on Emptiness: To Be, Not to Be or Neither. London: RoutledgeCurzon (2005) ISBN 0-415-35252-5
- Cornu, Philippe, Nawoord, Schijn en werkelijkheid. De twee waarheden in de vier boeddhistische leerstelsels, KunchabPublicaties, 2001
