以色列约旦河西岸隔离墙
以色列约旦河西岸隔离墙,简称西岸隔离墙,是以色列沿绿线在约旦河西岸内修建的隔离墙,是巴以冲突中的引发争议的因素之一。巴勒斯坦人则将其视为种族隔离,他们经常称之为种族隔离墙。[1][2][3]以色列称其为制止巴勒斯坦政治暴力的必要手段。隔离墙沿线总长708公里(440英里),是绿线长度的两倍以上,其中15%沿着绿线或在以色列境内,其余85%在约旦河西岸境内长达18公里 ,实际上将约9%的土地和大约25,000名其他巴勒斯坦人与巴勒斯坦领土的其他部分隔离开来[4]
根据以色列政府的说辞,这个隔离墙的建造是为了阻挡第二次巴勒斯坦大起义(2000年9月到2005年2月)中的政治暴力与恐怖主义[5]。以色列政府以从约旦河西岸实施的自杀性爆炸事件数量减少为证据,证明其有效性,这类袭击从2000年至2003年7月的73起(第一个连续部分完成)下降到2003年8月至2006年底的12起[6][7]。尽管隔离墙最初是在紧张局势加剧之际作为临时安全措施提出的,但自那以来,它一直与以色列和约旦河西岸地区之间未来的政治边界有关[8] 。
隔离墙招致了巴勒斯坦人、人权组织和国际社会成员的批评,他们都认为这是以色列打着安全的幌子企图吞并巴勒斯坦土地的证据[9]。还有人指称,修建隔离墙的目的是单方面建立新的事实边界,从而破坏以色列-巴勒斯坦和平进程[10]。争议的关键点在于,它大大偏离了绿线,严重限制了许多巴勒斯坦人的自由,并削弱了他们在约旦河西岸或前往以色列上班的通勤自由。国际法院发表了一项咨询意见,认为隔离墙的存在符合违反国际法的条件[11][12],明确指出修建隔离墙违反国际法,以色列有义务停止建隔离墙,并立即拆除已经建造的部分[13]。2003年,联合国大会通过一项决议,指责以色列修建隔离墙违反国际法,并要求以144票赞成、4票反对、12票弃权的表决结果拆除隔离墙[14]。
隔离墙的围墙部分已经成为涂鸦艺术的画布,其面对巴勒斯坦的一面的涂鸦表明反对隔离墙,巴勒斯坦人的抵抗,他们返回的权利,以及一般的人权[15]
与此隔离墙类似的还有加沙—以色列隔离墙,亦为阻碍巴勒斯坦人前往以色列领土。
名称
[编辑]在希伯来语中,以色列约旦河西岸隔离墙被称作“隔离墙”(ⓘ, Geder HaHafrada)(希伯来语:חומת ההפרדה, Ḥomat HaHafrada)“安全保障墙”(גדר הביטחון, Geder HaBitaḥon)[16][17]。
在阿拉伯语中,以色列约旦河西岸隔离墙被称作种族隔离墙[18] ⓘ, jidār al-faṣl al-‘unṣuriyy,表明对以色列种族灭绝的指控。
在英语中,英国广播公司的导播使用了“隔离墙”(有时是“隔离墙”(英语:"separation barrier")或“约旦河西岸隔离墙”英语:"West Bank barrier")[19] ,《经济学人》[20]美国公共广播公司[21]和纽约时报[22]也是如此。以色列外交部在英语中使用“安全围栏”一词。国际法院使用“墙”一词来解释“有时使用的其他表达方式,如果从物理意义上理解,就不会更准确。”它也被贬称为“种族隔离墙”或“种族隔离围栏”。[23][24][25] “接缝区”(希伯来语:מרחב התפר)是指1949年停战协定线和围栏之间的土地。
构造
[编辑]以色列约旦河西岸隔离墙被以色列国防军描述为一个“多层复合障碍物”,部分由9米高的混凝土墙组成[26],其他部分由多层围栏系统组成,两道外围围栏上有三道金字塔形的带刺铁丝网,中间有一道较轻的围栏,中间有入侵检测设备; 一条反车辆沟渠; 两侧有巡逻道路; 以及一条用于跟踪入侵的光滑沙带[27][28]。
当以色列约旦河西岸隔离墙建成时,它包含一个平均宽度为60米(200英尺)的隔离区[29] ,有些部分的隔离区宽达100米[30]。通常来说,混凝土墙的宽度为3米,高度为9米[26]。
路线
[编辑]隔离墙部分沿着或接近1949年约旦-以色列停战线(“绿线”) ,部分穿过以色列占领的约旦河西岸,最远从停战线向东延伸20公里(12英里) ,包括西侧几个以色列定居点集中的地区,如东耶路撒冷、阿里尔地区(阿里埃勒、卡内肖姆龙、凯杜明和伊曼纽尔等)[31]、古什埃齐翁、吉夫阿特泽埃夫、Oranit和马阿勒阿杜明[32][33]。
隔离墙几乎包围了一些巴勒斯坦城镇,只有约20%遵循1949年约旦-以色列停战线[34],预计770 km2(191,000 acre)或约13.5%的西岸地区位于隔离墙的西侧[35]。根据以色列人权组织 2006年4月的路线研究,隔离墙建成后,约旦河西岸8.5%的地区将位于隔离墙的以色列一侧,3.4%的地区将部分或完全被包围在东侧[36]。隔离墙建成后,大约27520到31000名巴勒斯坦人将在以色列方面被于另外在约旦河西岸的124000人被有效地控制和隔离[36][37]。在耶路撒冷的约23万巴勒斯坦人将被安置在约旦河西岸一侧[37]。大部分屏障建在西岸的北部和西部边缘,大部分在绿线以外,形成了9块飞地,包围了63.87 km2(15,783 acre)。另一道长约10公里的屏障在拉姆安拉向南延伸[38]。
以色列指出,地形不允许在某些地方沿绿线设置隔离墙,因为巴勒斯坦一侧的山丘或高楼会使隔离墙无法有效打击恐怖主义[39]。国际法院指出,在这种情况下,只有在以色列境内修建隔离墙才是合法的。
隔离墙路线已经在法庭上受到挑战,并被改变了几次。提交给法院的论据重申,1949年的停火线是“在不损害未来领土定居点或边界线的情况下”谈判达成的。(Art. VI.9)[40]
时间线
[编辑]1992年,在一名以色列少女在耶路撒冷被杀害之后,时任以色列总理伊扎克·拉宾提出了在以色列人和巴勒斯坦人之间建立有形障碍的想法。拉宾说,以色列必须“把加沙从特拉维夫带走”,以尽量减少人民之间的冲突[41][42]
1994年10月加沙爆发暴力事件后,拉宾说: “我们必须决定将分离作为一种哲学。必须有一个明确的边界。在不划分界线的情况下,无论谁想吞并180万阿拉伯人,都只会给哈马斯带来更大的支持。”[41][42]在内坦亚附近的哈沙龙枢纽遭到一场自杀式袭击[43]之后,拉宾明确了他的目标: “这条道路必须导致分离,尽管不是根据1967年以前的边界。我们想和他们划清界限。我们不希望以色列国的大多数犹太居民,其中98%生活在主权国家以色列的边界内,包括一个统一的耶路撒冷,成为恐怖主义的对象。”[42][44]
1994年,隔离墙的第一部分(几英里连续的混凝土板)建成。该路段沿着巴特赫费尔和图勒凯尔姆社区之间的边界。[45]
1995年,拉宾设立了沙哈尔委员会,讨论如何建立一个分隔以色列人和巴勒斯坦人的隔离墙。以色列总理巴拉克在2000年与阿拉法特一同举行戴维营首脑会议之前发誓要建立一个隔离墙,他说,“这对于巴勒斯坦民族来说是至关重要的,以便在不依赖以色列国的情况下促进其民族认同和独立”。[41]
2000年11月,在华盛顿举行的克林顿和平谈判期间,以色列总理埃胡德·巴拉克批准了在Wadi Ara地区和Latrun之间修建74公里(46英里)围栏[30][46]。直到2002年4月14日,阿里埃勒 · 沙龙总理内阁才决定执行该计划,在接缝区建立一个永久性隔离墙。2002年6月23日,阿里尔 · 沙龙政府原则上明确批准了该计划[30][46] ,隔离墙的工作开始了。
2002年底,由于政府不采取行动,一些因没有边境隔离墙而受害最深的地方已经开始利用自己的资金直接在绿线上建造隔离墙。[47]
2004年2月,为回应美国和巴勒斯坦的担心,以色列政府表示将重新审查隔离墙的路线。特别是,以色列内阁成员表示,将进行修改,以减少巴勒斯坦人必须通过的检查站数量,尤其是帮助解决被隔离墙完全包围的盖勒吉利耶等地区的巴勒斯坦人的困境。2005年2月20日,以色列内阁在批准执行撤离加沙的同一天批准了建造新的隔离墙的路线。[48][49]路线的长度增加到670公里(416英里)(大约是绿线长度的两倍) ,将使包括东耶路撒冷在内的约10%的约旦河西岸地区和以色列一侧近5万巴勒斯坦人分离。[33]它还把大型定居点马阿勒阿杜明和古什埃齐翁放在隔离墙的以色列一侧,实际上吞并了它们。[48][49][50]
2005年,以色列最高法院提到了导致修建隔离墙的条件和历史。法院描述了自第二次起义爆发以来对以色列公民的暴力行为的历史以及随后以色列方面的生命损失。法院的裁决还提到了以色列保护其公民的企图,包括针对“恐怖主义行为”采取的“军事行动”,并称这些行动“没有充分满足制止严重恐怖主义行为。尽管采取了所有这些措施,恐怖活动并没有结束。对以色列人的攻击没有停止。无辜的人付出了生命和肢体的代价。这就是决定建造隔离墙的背景(见第815页)。”[51]
在2006年,362公里(224.9英里)的屏障已经完成,88公里(54.7英里)正在建设中,253公里(157.2英里)尚未开始[37]。2006年4月30日,特拉维夫发生自杀式炸弹袭击后,以色列内阁决定修改这条路线。[52][53]在阿里埃勒地区,新路线纠正了以前路线的一个错误,这个错误本来会使成千上万的巴勒斯坦人留在以色列一方。位于阿尔菲·梅纳什的以色列定居点的规模缩小了,新计划将三组巴勒斯坦人的房屋留在围栏的巴勒斯坦一侧。隔离墙在耶路撒冷地区的路线将从巴勒斯坦一侧的 Beit Iksa 和以色列一侧的贾巴出发,但在祖瑞夫(Tzurif)有一个通往巴勒斯坦一侧的过境点。环绕Eshkolot和梅扎多耶胡达的路线进一步改变,从Metzadot到霍勒德 (Har Choled)的路线获得批准[54][55]。
在2012年,440公里(273.4英里)的的隔离墙已经完成[56]。
2014年9月,在批准了包围古什埃齐翁的45公里长的隔离墙8年之后,在这个问题上没有取得任何进展,以色列重新开始了辩论。围栏计划穿过国家公园、纳哈尔拉菲姆谷和巴勒斯坦村庄巴地尔。以色列在Gevaot征用的土地将位于隔离墙的巴勒斯坦一侧[57]。2014年9月21日,政府投票决定不重新授权修建古什埃齐翁地区的隔离墙[58]。
在2022年,45公里(28.0英里)的隔离墙被已经建成的一个多层围栏被新的9米高的混凝土墙部分取代[26]。
有效性
[编辑]自从隔离墙建成以来,自杀式爆炸已经减少了[7][59][60]。阿克萨烈士旅、哈马斯和巴勒斯坦伊斯兰圣战组织在以色列发动袭击的能力有所下降,在隔离墙已经完成的地区,以色列的袭击有所减少[61][需要较佳来源]。
以色列外交部和以色列安全局报告说,2002年,恐怖袭击造成452人死亡。在第二次起义开始的第一个连续部分(2003年7月)完成之前,巴勒斯坦人从约旦河西岸发动了73起自杀性爆炸,造成293名以色列人死亡,1900多人受伤。2006年底第一个连续部分完成后,西岸只发生了12起袭击事件,造成64人死亡,445人受伤[6]。恐怖袭击在2007年[6]和2008年[62]减少到2010年的9起[63]。
报纸援引以色列官员(包括辛贝特领导人)的话说,在隔离墙已经完成的地区,敌对势力渗透的次数已经减少到几乎为零。马里夫还说,包括一名伊斯兰圣战组织高级成员在内的巴勒斯坦激进分子证实,隔离墙使得在以色列境内发动袭击更加困难。自2003年6月在图勒凯尔姆和盖勒吉利耶地区建成围栏以来,这些地区没有成功的袭击事件。所有的袭击都被拦截,或者自杀式炸弹提前引爆。在2008年3月23日的一次采访中,巴勒斯坦伊斯兰圣战组织领导人拉马丹·沙拉赫向卡塔尔报纸沙克报(al-Sharq)抱怨说,隔离墙“限制了抵抗力量深入(以色列领土)进行自杀性爆炸袭击的能力,但抵抗力量没有投降,也没有变得无助,而是在寻找其他办法来应对起义的每个阶段的要求”[64][需要较佳来源]。
其他因素也被认为是导致下降的原因。根据国土报的报道,辛贝特2006年的一份报告得出结论称,“围墙确实让他们(恐怖分子)的处境更加艰难”,但由于以色列军队和情报机构加大了对巴勒斯坦激进分子的追捕力度,哈马斯增加了政治活动,以及巴勒斯坦领土上巴勒斯坦激进组织之间的停火,2005年的袭击事件有所减少。国土报报道说: “安全围栏不再被认为是防止自杀式炸弹袭击的主要因素,主要是因为恐怖分子已经找到了绕过围栏的方法。[65]”前以色列国防部长摩西·阿伦斯说,巴勒斯坦暴力事件的减少主要是由于以色列国防军在2002年进入约旦河西岸。[66]
对巴勒斯坦人的影响
[编辑]隔离墙对巴勒斯坦人产生了许多影响,包括自由的减少,以色列检查站和道路关闭的数量减少,土地流失,在以色列获得医疗和教育服务的难度增加[67][68],限制获得水源,以及对巴勒斯坦国经济影响[69]。
减少自由
[编辑]联合国在2005年的一份报告中指出:
很难夸大屏障的人道主义影响。约旦河西岸内部的屏障切断了社区、人们获得服务、生计以及宗教和文化设施的渠道。此外,关于水闸的确切路线和通过水闸的过境点的计划往往要到施工前几天才能完全公布。这导致巴勒斯坦人对其未来生活将受到何种影响感到相当焦虑。隔离墙和绿线之间的土地是西岸最肥沃的地区之一。目前,它是居住在38个村庄和城镇的49400名西岸巴勒斯坦人的家园。[70]
经常被引用的关于隔离墙影响的一个例子是巴勒斯坦城市盖勒吉利耶,该城约有4.5万人口,几乎被隔离墙包围。这堵墙的一个8米高的混凝土部分沿着城市和附近的以色列公路之间的绿线延伸。据英国广播公司报道,这一段被称为“防狙击墙”,目的是防止以色列司机在横贯以色列公路上遭到枪击[71]。从东边的主干道上可以通过一个军事检查站进入城市,2004年9月在南边修建的一条隧道将盖勒吉利耶与邻近的哈卜拉村连接起来。2005年,以色列最高法院命令政府改变该地区隔离墙的路线,以方便巴勒斯坦人在盖勒吉利耶和周围5个村庄之间的行动。在同一裁决中,法院驳回了围栏只能建在绿线上的论点。裁决援引地形、安全考虑因素以及1907年海牙章程第43和52节和日内瓦第四公约第53条作为拒绝的理由。[29]
2003年10月初,以色列国防军中央司令部宣布,西岸北部隔离墙(第一阶段)和绿线之间的地区无限期为封闭军事区。新的指令规定,居住在封闭地区设立的飞地上的每一个十二岁以上的巴勒斯坦人都必须获得民政当局颁发的“永久居住许可证”,以使他们能够继续生活在自己的家园中,总共约有27250人。西岸的其他居民必须获得特别许可才能进入该地区[36]。
更少的检查站与路障
[编辑]2004年6月,华盛顿时报报道说[72],以色列减少了对杰宁的军事入侵,促使以色列努力重建受损的街道和建筑,并逐渐恢复到表面上的正常状态。以色列政府在2004年10月25日以色列驻科菲·安南代表团的一封信中指出,隔离墙以东的一些限制因此被取消,包括把检查站从71个减少到47个,把路障从197个减少到111个。据耶路撒冷邮报报道,对于居住在杰宁附近的以色列阿拉伯城镇乌姆阿法姆(人口4.2万)的一些以色列公民来说,隔离墙“极大地改善了他们的生活”,因为一方面,它阻止了潜在的小偷或恐怖分子进入他们的城镇,另一方面,它增加了来自以色列其他地区的顾客流量,这些顾客通常会光顾约旦河西岸的巴勒斯坦商业,从而带来了经济繁荣。报告指出,不利的一面是,隔离墙将家庭分成了两半,“破坏了以色列阿拉伯人与生活在绿线另一侧的巴勒斯坦人的团结”[73]。
2005年8月发布的一份联合国报告指出,隔离墙的存在“取代了关闭隔离墙的必要性: 例如,在西岸北部建造隔离墙的地方,人员流动的限制较少。正在兴建隔离墙的拉马拉和比雷赫省和耶路撒冷省亦已清除障碍物。”报告说,在农村地区增加行动自由可能会使巴勒斯坦人更容易进入医院和学校,但是报告也说,对城市人口中心之间行动的限制并没有显著改变[74]。
失去土地
[编辑]部分隔离墙建在从巴勒斯坦人手中夺取的土地上[71][75],或者建在巴勒斯坦人和他们的土地之间。[76]在2009年的一份报告中,联合国表示,与以前的隔离墙草图路线相比,最新的隔离墙路线在绿线上分配了更多的路段。然而,在目前的路线中,隔离墙将西岸总面积的9.5%吞并到隔离墙的以色列一侧[77]。
2003年初,以色列国防军在Nazlat Issa 修建隔离墙期间拆除了跨越绿线的63家商店。[78][79]2003年8月,另有115个商店和摊位(几个社区的重要收入来源)和5至7所房屋也被拆除[80][81]。
联合国西亚经济社会委员会估计,在西岸北部,在隔离墙另一侧拥有土地的巴勒斯坦人约有80%没有得到以色列当局的许可,因此无法耕种他们的土地[82]。
以色列在靠近约旦边界的约旦河谷建造了一道屏障。2004年国际法院作出裁决后,由于国际社会的谴责,在西岸和约旦河谷之间建造另一个隔离墙的计划被放弃,取而代之的是对巴勒斯坦人实行限制性的许可证制度[83]。然而,它改变了路线,允许定居点吞并土地。[84]现有的隔离墙切断了西岸巴勒斯坦农民进入约旦河的通道[85]。以色列定居点委员会已经实际控制了约旦河谷和死海86% 的面积,因为定居者人口在那里稳步增长。[86]2013年,时任以色列国防部长的埃胡德·巴拉克提议,以色列应考虑单方面从约旦河西岸撤军,拆除隔离墙以外的定居点,但在约旦河西岸和约旦边界沿线的约旦河谷保持军事存在[87]。
参考资料
[编辑]- ^ The Security Fence, the Anti-Terrorism Barrier, the Wall. HuffPost. 2013-11-18 [2020-02-20]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-20).
- ^ Saving Lives: Israel's anti-terrorist fence-Answers to Questions. www.mfa.gov.il. [2019-10-24]. (原始内容存档于2019-12-06).
- ^ Dona J. Stewart, The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives, Routledge, 2013 p. 223.
- ^ Barrier Update: Special Focus (PDF). UN OCHA (Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs). 2011. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-09-12).
- ^ Questions and Answers. Israel's Security Fence. The State of Israel. February 22, 2004 [2007-04-17]. (原始内容存档于October 3, 2013).
The Security Fence is being built with the sole purpose of saving the lives of the Israeli citizens who continue to be targeted by the terrorist campaign that began in 2000. The fact that over 800 men, women and children have been killed in horrific suicide bombings and other terror attacks clearly justifies the attempt to place a physical barrier in the path of terrorists.
[修建安全围栏的唯一目的是拯救继续成为2000年开始的恐怖主义运动目标的以色列公民的生命。800多名男子、妇女和儿童在可怕的自杀炸弹袭击和其他恐怖袭击中丧生,这一事实清楚地证明我们有理由企图在恐怖分子的道路上设置有形障碍。] - ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 The Anti-Terrorist Fence vs. Terrorism. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. [2013-09-18]. (原始内容存档于2004-01-10).
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Nissenbaum, Dion. Death toll of Israeli civilians killed by Palestinians hit a low in 2006. Washington Bureau. 麦克拉奇报业. January 10, 2007 [2007-04-16]. (原始内容存档于November 20, 2008).
Fewer Israeli civilians died in Palestinian attacks in 2006 than in any year since the Palestinian uprising began in 2000. Palestinian militants killed 23 Israelis and foreign visitors in 2006, down from a high of 289 in 2002 during the height of the uprising. Most significant, successful suicide bombings in Israel nearly came to a halt. Last year, only two Palestinian suicide bombers managed to sneak into Israel for attacks that killed 11 people and wounded 30 others. Israel has gone nearly nine months without a suicide bombing inside its borders, the longest period without such an attack since 2000[...] An Israeli military spokeswoman said one major factor in that success had been Israel's controversial separation barrier, a still-growing 400-千米(250-英里) network of high-tech fencing, concrete walls and other obstacles that cuts through parts of the West Bank. 'The security fence was put up to stop terror, and that's what it's doing,' said Capt. Noa Meir, a spokeswoman for the Israel Defense Forces. [...] Opponents of the barrier grudgingly acknowledge that it's been effective in stopping bombers, though they complain that its route should have followed the border between Israel and the Palestinian territories known as the Green Line. [...] IDF spokeswoman Meir said Israeli military operations that disrupted militants planning attacks from the West Bank also deserved credit for the drop in Israeli fatalities.
[2006年死于巴勒斯坦人袭击的以色列平民比2000年巴勒斯坦起义开始以来的任何一年都要少。2006年,巴勒斯坦激进分子杀害了23名以色列人和外国游客,低于2002年起义高峰期的289人。以色列最重要、最成功的自杀式炸弹袭击几乎停止。去年,只有两名巴勒斯坦自杀式炸弹袭击者设法潜入以色列,造成11人死亡,30人受伤。以色列已经有将近9个月没有在其边境内发生自杀性爆炸,这是自2000年以来最长的一段没有发生自杀性爆炸的时间[……]一位以色列军方发言人说,成功的一个主要因素是以色列有争议的隔离墙,一个仍在增长的400千米(250英里)的高科技围栏网络,混凝土墙和其他障碍物,这些障碍物穿过了约旦河西岸的部分地区。以色列国防军发言人梅厄(Noa Meir)上尉说,建立安全围栏是为了阻止恐怖活动,这就是以色列正在做的事情。[……]隔离墙的反对者不情愿地承认,隔离墙在阻止轰炸机方面是有效的,尽管他们抱怨说隔离墙的路线应该沿着以色列和巴勒斯坦领土之间被称为绿线的边界。[……]以色列国防军发言人梅尔说,以色列军事行动打乱了武装分子计划从约旦河西岸发动袭击的计划,以色列死亡人数的下降也值得赞扬。] - ^ Busbridge, Rachel. The wall has feet but so do we: Palestinian workers in Israel and the 'separation' wall. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 14 June 2016, 44 (3): 373–90. S2CID 148056811. doi:10.1080/13530194.2016.1194187.
- ^ Under the Guise of Security: Routing the Separation Barrier to Enable Israeli Settlement Expansion in the West Bank. Publications. 以色列占领区人权资料中心. December 2005 [2007-04-16]. (原始内容存档于2007-04-05).
The fact that the Separation Barrier cuts into the West Bank was and remains the main cause of human rights violations of Palestinians living near the Barrier. Israel contends that the Barrier's route is based solely on security considerations. This report disputes that contention and proves that one of the primary reasons for choosing the route of many sections of the Barrier was to place certain areas intended for settlement expansion on the "Israeli" side of the Barrier. In some of the cases, for all intents and purposes the expansion constituted the establishment of a new settlement.
- ^ Geraldine Bedell. Set in stone. The Guardian (London). 14 June 2003 [2013-09-17]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-30).
The Palestinian Authority, meanwhile, preoccupied with the road map and its own internal politics, 'has neglected the wall,' according to Jamal Juma. Yet the wall is crucial to the road map. At the very least, it is an attempt to preempt negotiations with a land grab that establishes new borders (and what the road map calls 'facts on the ground' that must be heeded). Arguably it is more devious: an attempt to undermine negotiations altogether – because what Palestinian Authority could sign up to the fragmented 'state' the wall will create?
- ^ "International Court of Justice finds Israeli barrier in Palestinian territory is illegal 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2017-10-06.". UN News Centre. United Nations. 9 July 2004.
- ^ "Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory". International Court of Justice. 2004年7月4日. 原始内容存档于互联网档案馆于2004年9月2日."The construction of the wall being built by Israel, the occupying Power, in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, and its associated régime, are contrary to international law [占领国以色列在包括东耶路撒冷及其周围地区在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上修建隔离墙及其相关制度违反国际法。]"
- ^ 联合国人权高专办. 人权高专敦促以色列拆除在被占领土修建的隔离墙并赔偿损失. 联合国新闻. 2009-07-09 [2024-06-07]. (原始内容存档于2024-06-07) (中文(简体)).
2004年7月9日,国际法院就以色列在巴勒斯坦被占领土上建造隔离墙的法律后果提供了咨询意见,明确指出修建隔离墙违反国际法,以色列有义务停止建墙,并立即拆除已经建造的部分。
- ^ 联大通过决议要求以色列停止修建隔离墙 | | 联合国新闻. news.un.org. 2003-10-22 [2024-06-02]. (原始内容存档于2024-06-02) (中文(简体)).
投票结果是144票赞成,4票反对和12票弃权。4个投反对票的国家是美国、以色列、密克罗尼西亚和马绍尔群岛。
- ^ Leuenberger, Christine. PIJ.ORG: The West Bank Wall as Canvas: Art and Graffiti in Palestine/Israel By Christine Leuenberger. PIJ.ORG. 2009-06-10 [2022-05-27]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-01).
- ^ Robert Zelnick, Israel's Unilateralism: Beyond Gaza, Hoover Press, 2006, p 30-31 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2020-07-31., ISBN 978-0-8179-4773-6, 9780817947736
- ^ Fiona de Londras, Detention in the 'War on Terror': Can Human Rights Fight Back?, Cambridge University Press, 2011, pp. 177–78 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2020-07-10., " ISBN 978-1-139-50003-6、978-1139500036
- ^ Juliana Ochs,Security and Suspicion: An Ethnography of Everyday Life in Israel, (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) University of Pennsylvania Press 2011 ISBN 978-0-812-20568-8p.147
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BBC journalists should try to avoid using terminology favoured by one side or another in any dispute. The BBC uses the terms "barrier", "separation barrier" or "West Bank barrier" as acceptable generic descriptions to avoid the political connotations of "security fence" (preferred by the Israeli government) or "apartheid wall" (preferred by Palestinians).
- ^ A safety measure or a land grab?. The Economist. 2003-10-09 [2014-10-15]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-08).
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- ^ Bronner, Ethan. A Damaging Distance. The New York Times. 2014-07-11 [2017-02-16]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-30).
- ^ The Road Map to Nowhere: Israel/Palestine Since 2003, Tanya Reinhart (2006)
- ^ The Plot of the Eastern Segregation Wall. poica.org. 16 July 2005 [2013-09-17]. (原始内容存档于22 May 2013).
- ^ Alatout, Samer. Towards a bio-territorial conception of power: Territory, population, and environmental narratives in Palestine and Israel. Political Geography. August 2006, 25 (6): 601–21. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2006.03.008.
- ^ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Fabian, Emanuel. After terror attacks, Israel reinforces part of West Bank barrier with 9-meter wall. www.timesofisrael.com. [2022-06-22]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-29) (美国英语).
- ^ x. Operational Concept. Israel: 以色列国防军. January 31, 2007 [2013-09-18]. (原始内容存档于September 27, 2013).
The Security Fence is a multi layered composite obstacle comprised of several elements: * A ditch and a pyramid shaped stack of six coils of barbed wire on the eastern side of the structure, barbed wire only on the western side. * A path enabling the patrol of IDF forces on both sides of the structure. * An intrusion- detection fence, in the center, with sensors to warn of any incursion. * Smoothed strip of sand that runs parallel to the fence, to detect footprints.
- ^ Barahona, Ana. Bearing Witness – Eight weeks in Palestine. London: Metete. 2013: 47. ISBN 978-1-908099-02-0.
- ^ 29.0 29.1 Israel High Court Ruling Docket H.C.J. 7957/04: International Legality of the Security Fence and Sections near Alfei Menashe. 以色列最高法院. September 15, 2005 [2007-04-16]. (原始内容存档于2005-12-24)..
- ^ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Behind the barrier: Human Rights Violations as a Result of Israel's Separation Barrier 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2019-10-28., pp. 5–8. Yehezkel Lein, B'Tselem, March 2003. Here available 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2020-07-02.. p. 8: "The average width of the barrier complex is sixty meters. Due to topographic constraints, a narrower barrier will be erected in some areas and will not include all of the elements that support the electronic fence. However, as the state indicated to the High Court of Justice, "in certain cases, the barrier will reach a width of one hundred meters due to the topographic conditions."
- ^ The Ariel Settlement 'Bloc'. [2016-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2005-11-04).
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The West Bank barrier generally runs close to the pre-1967 Mideast war border – the so-called Green Line – but dips into the West Bank to include some Jewish settlements. Israel says a new section will extend deep into the West Bank, surrounding several West Bank towns.
- ^ 33.0 33.1 The Humanitarian Impact of the West Bank Barrier on Palestinian Communities 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2011-03-05., Update No. 5 (including maps). OCHAoPt, March 2005 (1.9 MB)
- ^ Preliminary Analysis of the Humanitarian Implications of February 2005 Barrier Projections 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2013-11-11.. OCHAoPt, 8 March 2005
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West Bank land affected About 770平方千米(191,000英亩) – or about 13.5 percent – of West Bank land (excluding East Jerusalem) will lie between the Barrier and the Green Line, according to the Israeli Government projections. (See map attached). This will include 160平方千米(39,000英亩) enclosed in a series of enclaves and 620平方千米(152,000英亩) in closed areas between the Green Line and the Barrier.
- ^ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Separation Barrier – Statistics 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2011-07-05.. B'Tselem, update 16 July 2012
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- ^ Map of Israel Security Barrier ("Wall") – Current Status (2006) 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2020-03-12. MidEastWeb, June 2006"IDF security experts argue that the topography does not permit putting the barrier along the green line in many places, because there would be hills or tall buildings on the Palestinian side.
<nowiki>[以色列国防军安全专家认为,地形不允许在许多地方沿着绿线设置隔离墙,因为巴勒斯坦一侧会有山丘或高楼。]" - ^ Jordanian-Israeli General Armistice Agreement, April 3, 1949 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期June 10, 2005,.. The Avalon Project
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Residents in the Gilboa region waited two years for a separation fence to be built. Now, after having sent repeated entreaties to the government and having received assorted, unfulfilled promises, they have decided to 'take the law into their own hands,' and build the fence themselves.
[Gilboa地区的居民等了两年才建起隔离墙。现在,在向政府反复恳求,并收到各种各样未兑现的承诺之后,他们决定“自行执法”,自己修建围墙。] - ^ 48.0 48.1 Israeli Cabinet Approves Gaza Withdrawal 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2014-10-07.. Associated Press, 20 February 2005
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Members of Palestinian terror infrastructure caught and questioned disclosed the reality that the existence of the security fence in the Samaria area forces them to find other means to perform terror attacks because their previous entry to Israel is blocked.
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In Judea and Samaria the security forces maintain counterterrorist activity pressure which includes the detention of wanted terrorists, exposing weapons and killing the terrorist operatives who resisted detention. Successful counterterrorist activities and finishing many sections of the security fence led to a continued decrease in suicide bombing terrorism.
- ^ 2010 Annual Summary – Data and Trends in Terrorism (PDF). 辛贝特: 4. 2011 [2013-09-18]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-10-03).
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- ^ Amos Hrel. Shin Bet: Palestinian truce main cause for reduced terror. Haaretz. 2006 [2007-08-11]. (原始内容存档于2007-10-01).
- ^ Moshe Arens: The fence, revisited 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2008-10-31. Haaretz October 28, 2008.
- ^ Stratton, Samuel. Editorial comments – "West Bank barrier decreases access to schools and health services" (PDF). Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. August 2007, 22 (4): 267–68 [2010-05-11]. ISSN 1049-023X. PMID 18816893. S2CID 39187826. doi:10.1017/S1049023X00004830. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-06-10).
- ^ Qato, Dima; Shannon Doocy; Deborah Tsuchida; P Gregg Greenough; Gilbert Burnham. West Bank barrier decreases access to schools and health services (PDF). Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. August 2007, 22 (4): 263–66 [2010-05-11]. ISSN 1049-023X. PMID 18019090. S2CID 19717007. doi:10.1017/S1049023X00004829. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-03-10).
- ^ Barahona, Ana. Bearing Witness – Eight weeks in Palestine. London: Metete. 2013. ISBN 978-1-908099-02-0.
- ^ The Humanitarian Impact of the West Bank Barrier on Palestinian Communities 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2015-07-15., Update No. 5, March 2005. OCHAoPt. Original PDF 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2011-03-05. (1.9 MB). 见第1章, Findings and Overview,原文:... it is difficult to overstate the humanitarian impact of the Barrier. The route inside the West Bank severs communities, people's access to services, livelihoods and religious and cultural amenities. In addition, plans for the Barrier's exact route and crossing points through it are often not fully revealed until days before construction commences. This has led to considerable anxiety amongst Palestinians about how their future lives will be impacted. ... The land between the Barrier and the Green Line constitutes some of the most fertile in the West Bank. It is currently the home for 49,400 West Bank Palestinians living in 38 villages and towns.
- ^ 71.0 71.1 Q&A: What is the West Bank barrier?. BBC News. 15 September 2005 [2008-03-15]. (原始内容存档于2007-10-01).
The solid section around the Palestinian town of Qalqilya is conceived as a "sniper wall" to prevent gun attacks against Israeli motorists on the nearby Trans-Israel Highway.[巴勒斯坦城镇盖勒吉利耶周围的固体路段被设计成“狙击墙”,以防止附近横贯以色列公路上的以色列驾车者遭到枪击。]
- ^ Mideast security barrier working. The Washington Times. [2020-04-03]. (原始内容存档于2008-12-11).
- ^ Israeli Arabs credit fence for newfound prosperity. The Jerusalem Post. June 18, 2004 [2020-07-11]. (原始内容存档于2004-10-15).
- ^ Special Focus: Closure Count and Analysis (PDF). Humanitarian Update. August 2005 [2013-09-17]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2005-09-09).
- ^ Palestinians: Israel hands out land confiscation notices. CNN. November 7, 2003 [2013-09-17]. (原始内容存档于2003-12-10).
- ^ Barahona, Ana. Bearing Witness – Eight weeks in Palestine. London: Metete. 2013: 43. ISBN 978-1-908099-02-0.
- ^ OCHA oPt Barrier Report July 2009 (PDF). [2009-11-22]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-10-13).
- ^ HEPG. The Impact of Israel's Separation Barrier on Affected West Bank Communities (PDF). Humanitarian Emergency Policy Group (HEPG). March 2004 [2008-03-15]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-02-28).
In preparation of the new route of the Barrier in Nazlat Isa, the IDF demolished more than 120 shops during August 2003. A second demolition of 82 shops was completed by the IDF in January 2003. Storeowners were given as little as 30 minutes to evacuate their premises before the demolitions started. Apart from Tulkarm town, Nazlat Isa was the main commercial centre for the Tulkarm area and was heavily dependent on commerce with Israel.
- ^ James Bennet. Israel Destroys Arabs´ Shops in West Bank. The New York Times. 2003-01-22 [2008-03-15]. (原始内容存档于2007-10-17).
Jan. 21 – The Israeli Army used bulldozers to flatten dozens of shops today in one of the few thriving Palestinian commercial centers near the West Bank boundary, saying that the store owners lacked permits.
- ^ MIFTAH - Bad Fences Make Bad Neighbors – Part V: Focus on Zayta. www.miftah.org. [2005-10-03]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-29).
- ^ Palestine Fact Sheets. The Palestine Monitor. [2013-09-17]. (原始内容存档于2004-04-17).
- ^ Economic and Social Repercussions of the Israeli Occupation. Facts and Figures (PDF). Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA). October 2008 [2013-09-17]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-03-12).
- ^ Israel has de facto annexed the Jordan Valley 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2020-06-30., B'tselem, February 13, 2006.
- ^ Akiva Eldar, Israel effectively annexes Palestinian land near Jordan Valley 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2015-05-12., Haaretz, November 18, 2011.
- ^ Ferry Biedermann, Mideast: Environment Too Encounters a Barrier 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2020-06-29., Inter Press Service, November 25, 2004.
- ^ EU on verge of abandoning hope for a viable Palestinian state 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2018-08-20., The Belfast Telegraph, January 12, 2012.
- ^ Barak: consider unilateral separation from West Bank 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2014-02-01. The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles, March 4, 2013.
外部链接
[编辑]- Palestinian Film Looks at Suicide Bombers
- YouTube上的Interview Neazh Mashiah – Director of the Israeli separation barrier project
地图
[编辑]- West Bank Barrier Status 2012 包括正在建设、冻结或拆除的部分,并指明哪些部分是墙,2012年8月,日内瓦倡议
- West Bank access restrictions (10.4 MB!). 2012年12月, OCHAoPt, 在 Map Centre
- Humanitarian Atlas 2012 (49.1 MB!). 2012年12月, OCHAoPt, 在 Map Centre
- Barrier route. July 2008, OCHAoPt
- Barrier route (PDF). (2.10 MB). June 2012, B'Tselem
- The Separation Barrier in the West Bank. April 2006, B'Tselem, on MidEastWeb, Map of Israel Security Barrier ("Wall") – Current Status (2006)
- Barrier Gates: Northern West Bank,存于互联网档案馆. March 2005, OCHAoPt, on web.archive.org
- West Bank Closures (2.5 MB). December 2003, OCHAoPt
- Israeli Security Barrier ("Wall") – Current Status (2005) and Evolution. February 2005 versus August 2003, MidEastWeb
- Who's in, Who's out (Names in Hebrew). October 2003, Ma'ariv, on MidEastWeb, "First Disclosure of Historic Document: The Final Route of the Separation Fence"
- First plan. May 2002, Haaretz, on MidEastWeb
General news resources
[编辑]- Compilation of articles about the fence from Ha'aretz
- Q&A: What is the West Bank barrier? BBC News special feature
- Guide to the West Bank barrier BBC News
- Israeli city says barrier is 'working' Israeli city says barrier is 'working'] BBC News
- Bitter Lemons Edition with Israeli and Palestinian views on the Separation Barrier
- Israel annexes land from West Bank using the 'Separation Wall' further impedes peace process.
- Impact of the Barrier on East Jerusalem. OCHAoPt, June 2007 Update No. 7 (8.7 MB). Includes maps.
Israeli government and courts
[编辑]- Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs Anti-Terrorist Fence Homepage
- Israel Ministry of Defense Security Fence Homepage
- 2004 Israeli Supreme Court ruling 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2008-11-21. (RTF format)
- 2005 Israeli Supreme Court ruling
- Full text of Israel's document as presented to the ICJ (PDF). (1.67 MB)
United Nations and International Court of Justice rulings
[编辑]- ICJ Advisory Opinion, as well as separate opinions of some judges.
- Compilation of UN documents relating to the barrier.
- UN OCHA Humanitarian Information Centre in the occupied Palestinian territory reports, analysis, detailed maps.
- Commission on Human Rights: Report on 61st session (PDF). (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2006-02-09). (2.25 MB).
Links to articles opposing the barrier
[编辑]- Gush Shalom site about the Separation Wall
- B'Tselem (Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories) page about the Separation Barrier
- Machsom Watch daily reports on checkpoints in the barrier
- Anarchists against the Wall
- "Beyond the Wall" an Ir Amim Report on the barrier in Jerusalem
- International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement statement on the West Bank barrier
- A Wall as a Weapon OpEd by Noam Chomsky, originally published in The New York Times
- Palestinian grassroots Anti-Apartheid Wall Campaign
- The separation wall and the village of Ni'lin at IMEU.net
- Video of Wall and Fence, and walking through a checkpoint at the Qalandiya Checkpoint November 2004 produced by filmmaker and journalist Ray Hanania
- A Public Service announcement (60 seconds) on the Wall produced by filmmaker and journalists Ray Hanania
Links to articles in favor of the barrier
[编辑]- Not an "Apartheid Wall" on HonestReporting.com
- Background Info: The Security Fence on imra.org.il
- Is Israel's Security Barrier Unique? article by Ben Thein in Middle East Quarterly
- Research articles on the ICJ decision
- Reply to the ICJ Advisory Opinion (PDF). (2.29 MB), detailed 193 page book supporting a position in favor of the barrier.
- "How I Learned to Love the Wall" Irshad Manji, The New York Times March 18, 2006
- StandWithUs In-depth brochure with pictures, polls, reports, stats (PDF). (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2006-07-10). (2.83 MB)
- IsraCast: The Hague Hearing. Legal Advisor Daniel Taub: 'The International Court Is Trying Victims Of Terror And Not Terrorists' 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2006-10-18.
- The Controversial Fence
- Zohar Palti, Israel's Security Fence: Effective in Reducing Suicide Attacks from the Northern West Bank, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, July 7, 2004