女性气质
女性气质或女子气、女人味指的是某种行为或事物体现出来的、令人联想到女性化印象的现象，它不单取决于生理特征，在不同文化中也会有不同的、具象或抽象的表现形式。[1][2][3] 女性化的行为或事物一般可以与男性化的行为或事物形成鲜明对照。[4][5]
例如三从四德、温顺、善良和敏感等通常被看做女性化的特征，[6][7][8] 不过在某些文化和社会中也有完全不同的认识，[9] 甚至恰好相反。[10] 在女权运动中传统的女性化概念遭到了挑战。[11][12]
概念
[编辑]
女性化并没有一个清晰的、可以举世通用的概念，但许多文化中都有“女性化”概念或成见，比如温顺、善良、敏感、安静、美貌和可爱等在一些文化、社会中就会被当做女性化的特征。[6][7][8][13][14]
女性被认为就应当拥有某些女性化特征，这导致了一些性别认同上的问题，[1][15] 例如生理上为男性的个体如具有了女性化特征就可能会使个体产生困扰或遭到歧视。这种先天与后天的问题至今仍有强烈争议，因而也没有定论。
通常女性较容易接受男性观点的产物，而男性则较难接受女性观点的产物，这可能是受到社会文化因素使然。
参见
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Marianne van den Wijngaard. Reinventing the sexes: the biomedical construction of femininity and masculinity. Race, gender, and science. Indiana University Press. 1997: 171 pages [June 3, 2011]. ISBN 0-253-21087-9. （原始内容存档于2015-09-09）.
- ^ Hale Martin, Stephen Edward Finn. Masculinity and Femininity in the MMPI-2 and MMPI-A. U of Minnesota Press. 2010: 310 pages [June 3, 2011]. ISBN 0-8166-2445-3. （原始内容存档于2015-09-12）.
- ^ Richard Dunphy. Sexual politics: an introduction. Edinburgh University Press. 2000: 240 pages [June 3, 2011]. ISBN 0-7486-1247-5. （原始内容存档于2015-03-25）.
- ^ Ferrante, Joan. Sociology: A Global Perspective 7th. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. : 269–272. ISBN 0-8400-3204-8.
- ^ Gender, Women and Health: What do we mean by "sex" and "gender"?' （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The World Health Organization
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Vetterling-Braggin, Mary "Femininity," "masculinity," and "androgyny": a modern philosophical discussion
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Worell, Judith, Encyclopedia of women and gender: sex similarities and differences and the impact of society on gender, Volume 1 Elsevier, 2001, ISBN 978-0-12-227246-2, ISBN 978-0-12-227246-2
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Thomas, R. Murray. Recent Theories of Human Development. Sage Publications. 2000: 248 [2015-03-26]. ISBN 0761922474. （原始内容存档于2015-09-10）.
Gender feminists also consider traditional feminine traits (gentleness, modesty, humility, sacrifice, supportiveness, empathy, compassion, tenderness, nurturance, intuitiveness, sensitivity, unselfishness) morally superior to the traditional masculine traits of courage, strong will, ambition, independence,assertiveness, iniative, rationality and emotional control.
- ^ Witt, edited by Charlotte. Feminist Metaphysics: Explorations in the Ontology of Sex, Gender and Identity. Dordrecht: Springer. 2010: 77. ISBN 90-481-3782-9.
- ^ < Are computers masculine or feminine?. http://orion.math.iastate.edu/. [23 March 2015].[永久失效链接]
- ^ Kate Millett. Sexual Politics. 1968 [2015-03-26]. （原始内容存档于2015-07-13）.
- ^ Hollows, Joanne. Feminism, Femininity and Popular Culture. Manchester University Press. 2000: 10–12. ISBN 0719043956.
- ^ Positive Peer Culture pg 22 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） By Harry H. Vorrath, Larry K. Brendtro "Still, almost all girls have clearly been socialized toward positive caring behavior"
- ^ Introduction to Psychology – Page 184 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） By James W. Kalat "and so are positive feminine traits (compassion, tolerance, etc.)
- ^ Pamela J. Kalbfleisch, Michael J. Cody. Gender, power, and communication in human relationships. Psychology Press. 1995: 333 [June 3, 2011]. ISBN 0-8058-1404-3. （原始内容存档于2015-09-10）.
