海狮行为
没有或很少条目链入本条目。 (2023年11月9日) |
海狮行为[1][2]
定义及描述
[编辑]施行海狮行为的人通常在摆出一副装作真挚和不知的样子的前提下,打著“想要认真地探讨问题”的幌子,持续不懈地要求对方就一些问题提供回答或支撑证据。当对方真的给出证据的时候,他们通常忽视或回避这些证据。[3][4][6][12]
在哈佛大学伯克曼互联网与社会研究中心发表的一篇文章中,研究者对海狮行为做出如下描述:
海狮行为将持续提问和坚持理性辩论揉合在一起。海狮行为中的提问通常针对的是基础的讯息、随处可见的明显事实、与讨论核心无关的论点。当实施海狮行为的人将这些问题与狂热坚持理性辩论结合时,他们将自己伪装成真诚想要学习和交流的一方。海狮行为有两个目标:其一是消磨对方的耐心、注意力和试图和谐交流的精力;其二是将对方描绘为蛮不讲理的人。虽然这种人提出的问题看过去很正常很无辜,但是他们抛出问题的动机是恶意的,造成的结果也是有害的。
——Amy Johnson[8]
美国杜克大学哲学系教授华特・西诺-阿姆斯壮(Walter Sinnott-Armstrong)在著作《Think Again: How to Reason and Argue》当中探讨了这个词语:
网路白目有时会积极施行一种叫做“海狮行为”的行为。他们要求你得一直陪他们辩论下去,他们想辩多久就辩多久,甚至在你发现进一步讨论也无济于事之后还持续许久。如果你宣布你想停止,他们就会指控你心胸狭隘或者反对理性。这种做法极其令人不快。理性不该被消音,但它偶尔需要度个假。
除开上述华特・西诺-阿姆斯壮的观点,其他数位研究人员也将海狮行为直接描述为网路白目的惯用技俩。[5][16][14][17]
在2020年12月,《韦氏词典》在线版将本词列入观察列表当中,指出尽管尚未被正式收录,但是该词语的使用次数越来越多:
海狮行为是什么:“海狮行为”是一种白目行为,意图消磨对方参与辩论的意志,自己却根本不想做出认真的论述。[9]
加拿大杂志《麦克林》在2021年发表的文章中赞扬了《韦氏词典》为本词做出的定义,称其“准确地描述了在网上交流时遭受到的挫折”。[10]
与其他概念的比较
[编辑]海狮行为,作为一种伎俩,被研究者用来与乱枪打鸟论证类比,又被比喻为针对人类的阻断服务攻击,透过不断抛出问题使对方不堪重负。[8]
英国哲学家Sophie Grace Chappell在2022年将海狮行为与苏格拉底反诘法当中的概念“eironeia”[注 1]类比。她为eironeia做下的定义是为了驳倒一个论点而不怀好意地假装一无所知,“在网路用语中,eironeia就是‘海狮行为’。”[18][19]
起源与发展
[编辑]外部图片链接 | |
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搭载词语最原始出处的漫画 |
“海狮行为”一词源自David Malki在2014年9月19日刊载在网络漫画《Wondermark》中的一篇名为〈The Terrible Sea Lion〉的一回。[20]
英国《独立报》在2014年同年的社论中便将这篇漫画称为“有史以来对Twitter最恰当的描绘”。[10][11]
之后,该词语便作为描述一种特定的网路白目行为的专用词语而逐渐变得常用;在玩家门事件当中被用于描述其中的一些现象。[23][24][25]
一篇发表于《First Monday》期刊的研究以Reddit子板块“/r/KotakuInAction”(玩家门事件的骚扰方组织大本营)的使用者为调查对象,采访了他们对于“什么是骚扰”的看法。被认为组织了骚扰行为的参与者认为自己“诚挚表达出的不同意见”被对方视为骚扰,而他们对于证据的合理请求则被对方以一句“海狮行为”堵嘴。[26]
“海狮行为”不是第一个源自漫画的新词。加拿大《麦克林》杂志在2021年发表的文章中将本作与其他从漫画诞生、进入日常用语的词汇(Brainiac[注 2]、Milquetoast[注 3])对比。评论者指出“海狮行为”一词的始作俑者David Malki本人对这个词语的态度其实五味杂陈,他曾经表示过自己本意只是想描述观察到的现象,没预料过自己会创造词汇。他同时表示创作该幅漫画的初衷是批判“每个人只要有耐心,都有权利从他人身上随心所欲地索取关注”的观念。[10]
参见
[编辑]注释
[编辑]参考资料
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 林欣𬞟; 张咏晴 (编). 全球近百萬人註冊、杜克大學最受歡迎的論辯課,在教什麼?. 换日线. 2019-04-17 (中文(台湾)).
- ^ 庄尧亭. 忍不住筆戰? 小心,社群媒體辯論開始「脫軌」的五個跡象!. 基督教今日报. 2021-12-21 [2023-11-07]. (原始内容存档于2023-11-08) (中文(台湾)).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Poland 2016
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Sarkeesian, Anita. Anita Sarkeesian's Guide to Internetting While Female. Marie Claire. 2015-02-20 [2019-08-02]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-02) (美国英语).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod. Oxford Dictionary of Social Media. Oxford University Press. 2016. ISBN 9780191803093. doi:10.1093/acref/9780191803093.001.0001.
Sealioning A disparaging term for the confrontational practice of leaping into an online discussion with endless demands for answers and evidence. See also TROLLING
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Bloomfield 2018
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Sullivan, Emily; Sondag, Max; Rutter, Ignaz; Meulemans, Wouter; Cunningham, Scott; Speckmann, Bettina; Alfano, Mark. Can Real Social Epistemic Networks Deliver the Wisdom of Crowds? (pdf): 21. [2019-01-28]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-28) –通过The PhilPapers Foundation.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Johnson, Amy. Gasser, Urs , 编. The Multiple Harms of Sea Lions (PDF). Perspectives on Harmful Speech Online. Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society: 14. 2017. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-09-25) (美国英语).
- ^ 9.0 9.1 What is 'Sealioning?' Sea lions can be real trolls sometimes. Merriam-Webster Online. 2020-12 [2022-06-05]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-27).
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Hluchy, Patricia. 'Sealioning' is the word that sums up why Twitter discussion is so unbearable. Maclean's. 2021-11-03 [2022-06-05]. (原始内容存档于2023-09-22).
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Rickman, Dina. This comic is the most apt description of Twitter you'll ever see. Indy100. 2014-09-29 [2022-06-06]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-06).
- ^ Chatfield 2021,第34页
- ^ Stokel-Walker, Chris. How to handle a troll ... and neuter a sea lion. The Guardian. 2018-08-18 [2018-09-13]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-10) (英国英语).
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Shepherd, J. Marshall. 'Sealioning' Is A Common Trolling Tactic On Social Media—What Is It?. Forbes.como. 2019-03-17 [2019-06-16]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-16).
- ^ Sinnott-Armstrong 2018,第56页
- ^ Brown 2019
- ^ Kennedy, Tristan. "Don't read the comments": misinformed and malicious comments stifle Indigenous voices. The Conversation. 2022-04-26 [2022-06-05]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-06).
Sealioning (a special kind of trolling)
- ^ Grace Chappell 2022
- ^ Zucca 2022
- ^ Wondermark #1062. 2014-09-19 [2019-03-03]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-08).
- ^ Maxwell, Kerry. Definition of Sea lion. Macmillan Dictionary. Macmillan Publishers. 2015-10-06 [2018-01-10]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-11) (英语).
- ^ Malki, David. "Sea Lion" Has Been Verbed. Wondermark.com. 23 October 2014 [26 June 2023]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-05).
- ^ Shagun 2018
- ^ Massanari 2016
- ^ Auerbach, David. Twitter Is Broken. Slate. 2014-10-11 [2023-06-26]. (原始内容存档于2023-11-29).
- ^ Jhaver 2018
期刊与书籍
[编辑]- Poland, Bailey. Haters: Harassment, Abuse, and Violence Online. University of Nebraska Press. 2016-10: 144–145 [2018-01-10]. ISBN 978-1-61234-766-0. (原始内容存档于2019-11-04).
- Bloomfield, Robert James. The LAAPs that foster productive conversations and the crebit that undermines them. Accounting, Organizations and Society. 2018, 68–69: 135–142. S2CID 158687510. doi:10.1016/j.aos.2018.06.004.
Consider a website that seeks to provide a venue for productive conversations among those who own and love cats. Their conversations are likely to be undermined by those who want to foster a preference for dogs (haters), as well as those who simply enjoy undermining conversations for its own sake (trolls). They can expect these haters and trolls to raise faulty arguments about the evils of cats faster than they can be rebutted (the Gish Gallop); to pretend sincerity in asking repeatedly for evidence on the benefits of cats (sealioning)...
- Chatfield, Tom. How to Think: Your Essential Guide to Clear, Critical Thought. SAGE Publishing. 2021-09: 34. ISBN 978-1529727418.
To cite just one example, sealioning describes a form of harassment in which a victim is relentlessly asked to provide evidence and reasoning by someone who is hiding behind the excuse 'I'm just trying to have a debate ...
- Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter. Think Again: How to Reason and Argue. Oxford University Press. 2018-07: 56. ISBN 978-0190627126.
- Brown, Amy. Informed is best: How to spot fake news about your pregnancy, birth and baby. Pinter & Martin. 2019-11 [2022-06-05]. ISBN 978-1780664903. (原始内容存档于2023-03-06).
Sealioning is a more subtle and very irritating form of trolling.
- Grace Chappell, Sophie. Epiphanies: An Ethics of Experience. Oxford University Press. 2022-03: 408. ISBN 978-0192858016.
In contemporary internet slang, eironeia is "sealioning"
- Zucca, Diego. New Explorations in Plato's Theaetetus: Belief, Knowledge, Ontology, Reception. Brill Academic Publishers. 2022-05: 92. ISBN 978-9004516021.
In contemporary internet slang, eironeia is «sealioning»
- Jhaver, Shagun; Ghoshal, Sucheta; Bruckman, Amy; Gilbert, Eric. Online Harassment and Content Moderation: The Case of Blocklists. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (ACM). 2018-03-22, 25 (2): 12. S2CID 4315029. doi:10.1145/3185593.
- Massanari, Adrienne L. 'Damseling for Dollars': Toxic Technocultures and Geek Masculinity. Lind, Rebecca Ann (编). Race and Gender in Electronic Media: Content, Context, Culture. Routledge. 2016. ISBN 9781317266129. OCLC 948090024.
For supporters [of Gamergate], however, the hashtag became an effective way to swarm the mentions of users perceived as not sharing their views, which became known colloquially as 'sea lioning' (Malki, 2014).
- Jhaver, Shagun; Chan, Larry; Bruckman, Amy. The view from the other side: The border between controversial speech and harassment on Kotaku in Action. First Monday. 2018-02-05, 23 (2) [2019-03-21]. S2CID 3653593. arXiv:1712.05851 . doi:10.5210/fm.v23i2.8232 . (原始内容存档于2019-03-21).
外部链接
[编辑]- 海狮行为——解释各种网路迷因和火红现象的网站Know Your Meme