猫粮
此条目翻译品质不佳。 (2013年6月18日) |
猫粮是猫吃的食物。
猫是肉食性动物,对饮食有着特定的营养需求。[1]某些营养成分,包括多种维生素和氨基酸,会因为制造过程中的温度、压强和化学处理而被降低有效成分,因此必须在制造后再添加,以免破坏营养成分而导致营养缺乏。[2][3]例如,在肉类中被发现的胺基牛磺酸,在加工过程中会被降解,因此,合成牛磺酸通常是后期添加的。长期的牛磺酸缺乏,例如长期喂食缺乏牛磺酸的狗粮,可能会导致视网膜变性,失明和心脏损害。
历史
[编辑]相比狗而言(参见狗饼干和狗粮),为猫准备专门食物的观点后来才出现。这很可能是出于猫能易于谋生的看法。1837年,一位法国作家批评这个观点:
这是……错误的想法,认为营养不良的猫更利于猎捕,能抓到更多的老鼠;这也是一个严重的错误。没有食物的猫缺乏活力死气沉沉,它只要抓到一只老鼠来吃完,就会躺下休息、睡觉不再继续捕鼠,而只有吃饱了它才会很清醒,并按其天性去抓老鼠。[4]
1844年,另一位法国作家解释这个观点:
一般而言,乡间的猫食并不受到重视,猫被任其自生自灭,说是要让它自己猎食。然而,当猫饿的时候,它们寻找仓库里的粮食更甚于猎捕老鼠,这是因为猫并不以追逐与寻找老鼠为必须,而是由于天性与吸引力使然。所以,不喂食猫将使它们变得无用且有害。不过,定时且适量的给它们些许屑食,猫就不会造成破坏,也会带来许多益处。[5]
"好猫猎得多,吃得少。"他继续说明。当猫以捕鼠为乐甚于觅食时,期望一只猫于狩猎生存是多么不合理。
1876年,Gordon Stables强调给与猫特定食物的必要:
如果要让猫变成更有价值的害虫杀手,它应该摄取规律且充分的食物。一只猫一天至少需喂食两次。让它有一个自己的盘子,放在地上让它用餐,用餐完毕后再拿走。判定食物量时,经验是最好的老师,而食物内容则要多样化。燕麦粥、牛奶或者浸润温牛奶的白面包,添加少许糖,这些都是猫咪理想的早餐;晚餐时,要增加肉类。
白灼灯比起马肉对它更好,偶而让它吃鱼。
教导你的猫咪在供餐前耐心等待,一只被宠坏的猫就像被宠坏的小孩一样讨人厌。如果想让你的猫漂亮且干净,偶而喂食它一英吋大的鲜奶油。这不仅能作为一种温和的泻药,油脂与它唾液的碱混合后,会形成一种自然猫皂,然后你会注意到它开始著手清洗自己,变得美丽干净。(注意:如果你希望猫咪为了展示而完美的清理,用沾满鲜奶油的海绵抹上它的全身,当它在舔舐自己的时候会有卓越的效果。)
Remember that too much flesh-meat, especially liver,—which ought only to be given occasionally,—is very apt to induce a troublesome diarrhoea (looseness). Do not give your pet too many tit-bits at table; but whatever else you give her, never neglect to let her have her two regular meals.[6]
In the same year, an advertisement for Spratt (better known for making dog food) said that their cat food entirely superseded "the unwholesome practice of feeding on boiled horse flesh; keeps the cat in perfect health."[7] And, in another book on cats, Stables recommended the company's food:
Attend to the feeding, and, at a more than one-day show, cats ought to have water as well as milk. I think boiled lights, cut into small pieces, with a very small portion of bullock's liver and bread soaked, is the best food; but I have tried Spratt's Patent Cat Food with a great number of cats, both of my own and those of friends, and have nearly always found it agree; and at a cat show it would, I believe, be both handy and cleanly.[8]
Spratt, which began by making dog biscuits, appears to also have been the first commercial producer of cat food.
During the 19th century and early-20th centuries, meat for cats and dogs in London, frequently Horse meat, was sold from barrows (hand–carts) by itinerant traders known as Cats' Meat Men.[9]
商业猫粮
[编辑]大多数店售的猫粮是干的,在美国也被称为kibble,或湿罐装的形式。有些生产商销售冷冻原料饲料和预混料产品,以迎合那些自制猫粮的猫主们的需要。
干粮
[编辑]干粮(水分8-10%)通常由高热量和压力下挤压蒸煮,又或为热风干燥、急冻干燥制成。主要成分为各式淀粉跟及植物蛋白(玉米、谷物、大豆、其他类淀粉,因产品型态至少占30~40%),混合肉类蛋白质、动物油脂、香料,以增加适口性,和其他的微量成分,其中对热敏感的维生素,在挤出过程中可能被破坏,可能适度增加份量。另外会添加天然或人工防腐剂,用以增加保存期限。喂食干粮需训练猫会自行配合饮水。
湿粮
[编辑]罐头或湿粮(湿度75-78%)通常是3盎司(85克),5.5盎司(156克),13盎司(369克)的规格。也会以铝箔袋的形式出售。
采用湿食是增加宠物动物性蛋白质/肉品、接近其原始需求食物及摄取饮水量的有效方法之一,可降低宠物因新鲜蛋白质吸收不足、缺水而罹患疾病(如慢性肾衰竭、尿结石)的风险。以猫来说,一只猫每天所需的水分,每公斤(体重)就需要60毫升的水分,若以罐头或正常肉品为主食,就已摄取了93%每天所需水分;反之,若主食为仅含10%水分的干饲料,一只4公斤的猫,还需要自发性的喝200毫升的水,然而由于猫的口渴机制并不发达,如干粮喂食比例过高,即使会自行饮水的猫往往依然会因此缺水,且增加猫只肠胃负担及身心压力。[10]
素食或纯素食品
[编辑]目前有素食和纯素食的猫粮销售。猫为肉食动物,不能从植物食品中合成这些养分,如牛磺酸和花生四烯酸,故长期食用可能将对猫产生负面效果。[11]有些素食猫粮品牌都标有其制造商遵循AAFCO猫粮营养标准。[来源请求]
包装及标示
[编辑]在美国,猫食要标示为“营养均衡”必需在营养成分或饲喂试验中达到由为美国饲料品管协会 (AAFCO)定立的营养标准,猫食的营养标准是在 1992年建立、并在 1995年由美国饲料品管协会 (AAFCO)的猫科动物营养专家小组委员会修改而成。
修正版取代了之前美国国家研究委员会(NRC)定立的准则,取代了某些制造商使用的高级、超高级、自然、和完整等无明确定义的广告口号。
台湾的农委会有关宠物食品的标示规定来自动物保护法,规定应用中文及通用符号于包装、容器、说明书上标示:品名、净重、容量、原料、添加物、营养成分及含量、制造加工业者之名称和地址及原产地、有效保存期限还有条件及方法、适用宠物种类等注意事项。
在宠物食品认证方面,目前台湾有“SNQ”国家品质标章。
能量需求
[编辑]成年猫的能量需求范围是,懒猫每天每公斤体重消耗60-70千卡的代谢能量,活泼的则要消耗80-90千卡。5周龄的小猫要250千卡。随着年龄的增长,30周到50周成年的需求下降至100千卡。怀孕的母猫需要约90-100千卡,哺乳期的母猫需要90-270千卡视产崽数量而定。[12]
营养和功能
[编辑]维生素缺乏可导致广泛的临床异常反映其代谢作用的多样性。十二种矿物质被称为是猫科动物的必需营养素。钙,磷是强健骨骼和牙齿的关键。猫需要其他矿物质,如镁,钾,钠,神经冲动的传递,肌肉收缩,细胞信号转导。许多矿物质在体内的微量存在,包括硒,铜,钼,作为佣工多种酶促反应。[13]
下表列出AAFCO猫粮营养比例,根据国家研究委员会在猫所需的维生素和矿物质营养的角色。
饮食和疾病
[编辑]素食和纯素食饮食
[编辑]素食或为猫准备的素食是有争议的。据美国国家科学研究委员会称,“猫需要特定的营养,而不是特定的饲料(Cats require specific nutrients, not specific feedstuffs.)”[11] 。国际素食联盟[14],素食协会[15]和PETA[16][17]是一些支持猫的素食和纯素食饮食的组织。动物保护研究所不推荐喂猫吃素食,[18],美国爱护动物协会也不推荐这么做。[19]
Vegan or vegetarian diets for cats are controversial. According to the United States National Research Council, "Cats require specific nutrients, not specific feedstuffs."[11] The International Vegetarian Union,[14] the Vegan Society[15] and PETA[16][17] are some of the organizations that support a vegan or vegetarian diet for cats. The Animal Protection Institute does not recommend a vegetarian diet for cats,[18] and neither does the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA).[19]
Not all animal advocacy groups take a firm position either way. The Association of Veterinarians for Animal Rights (now Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association) accepts that it is possible for a plant-based diet to be nutritionally adequate but stated in August 2006 that such diets "cannot at this time be reliably assured".[20] This position was based on a 2004 study demonstrating that of two commercially available vegetarian cat diets tested, both were nutritionally deficient.[21] The formulation error in one of these diets was promptly identified and corrected.[22] Nevertheless, it remains likely that formulation errors will result in nutritional deficiencies in a wide range of commercially available diets from time to time, whether meat-based, vegetarian or vegan. Hence, regular (at least, annual) veterinary checkups of all companion animals is recommended, and brands may be occasionally varied.[22][与来源不符]
In 2006, the first study of the health of a population of long-term vegetarian cats was published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Most of the cats were fed a commercially-available vegan diet, though 35% were allowed outdoors. The study consisted of telephone questionnaires of the caregivers of 32 cats, and analysis of blood samples from some of them. The blood samples were tested for taurine and cobalamin deficiencies. Cobalamin levels were normal in all cats. Taurine levels were low in 3 out of 17 cats tested, but not low enough to be considered deficient. 97% of the caregivers perceived their cats to be healthy, including those with low taurine levels.[23]
家庭自制猫粮
[编辑]部分宠物饲主用家庭自制的食物来喂猫。食品的形式包括煮熟或生的肉类、骨头、蔬菜以及补充品(如牛磺酸、维生素),许多自制家庭猫粮依照 BARF生食的食谱制作,生食食谱提供了多样的选择让饲主能依其制作来尽量符合天然饮食需求的成分,但有研究指出BARF食谱中至少95种里有60%被发现在钙、磷、维生素D、碘、锌、铜或维生素A的一种或多种组合上营养失衡。
双酚A
[编辑]一份2004年的研究报告显示,罐装食品外包装含有双酚A跟甲亢猫有关。[24]
食物过敏
[编辑]食物过敏是一种非季节性的疾病,症状出现在肠胃或皮肤上。主诉情况是瘙痒造成的过度抓伤,通常用类固醇消炎药的治疗效果有限。目前尚未知道如何完全避免猫的食物过敏。 猫若有其他过敏性疾病、跳蚤过敏,有20-30%会并发食物过敏。
对抗食物过敏比较可靠的方式只能透过采低敏饮食。 要知道哪些是致敏性食物必需靠“过敏检测”,治疗方式包括避免接触食用过敏成分。
营养失调
[编辑]用非常规方式喂食是造成营养失调的主因,仅食用淡水鱼容易出现硫胺素缺乏,仅喂食肝脏可能会有维生素A中毒,猫饮食中若只有肉类可能会造成磷及蛋白质过量还有钙、维生素E和微量矿物质(如铜,锌和钾)缺乏。
补充热量需求的同时也要注意其他营养素的补充。 使用植物油来保持热量平衡可能会令猫失去胃口。
猫粮召回
[编辑]The broad pet food recalls starting in March 2007 came in response to reports of renal failure in pets consuming mostly wet pet foods made with wheat gluten from a single Chinese company beginning in February 2007. Overall, several major companies recalled more than 100 brands of pet foods with most of the recalled product coming from Menu Foods. The most likely cause according to the FDA is the presence of melamine in the wheat gluten of the affected foods. Melamine is known to falsely inflate the protein content rating of substances in laboratory tests. The economic impact on the pet food market has been extensive, with Menu Foods alone losing roughly $30 Million from the recall.
营养成分表
[编辑]营养素 | 单位 (干物质为基础) |
生长和繁殖 的最小值 |
成年需求 的最低值 |
最大值 | 功能 | 缺乏/过量的反应 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
蛋白质 | % | 30.0 | 26.0 | |||
精氨酸 | % | 1.25 | 1.04 | |||
组氨酸 | % | 0.31 | 0.31 | |||
异亮氨酸 | % | 0.52 | 0.52 | |||
亮氨酸 | % | 1.25 | 1.25 | |||
赖氨酸 | % | 1.20 | 0.83 | |||
蛋氨酸 + 胱氨酸 | % | 1.10 | 1.10 | |||
蛋氨酸 | % | 0.62 | 0.62 | 1.50 | ||
苯丙氨酸 + 酪氨酸 | % | 0.88 | 0.88 | |||
苯丙氨酸 | % | 0.42 | 0.42 | |||
苏氨酸 | % | 0.73 | 0.73 | |||
色氨酸 | % | 0.25 | 0.16 | |||
缬氨酸 | % | 0.62 | 0.62 | |||
脂肪b | % | 9.0 | 9.0 | |||
亚油酸 | % | 0.5 | 0.5 | |||
花生四烯酸 | % | 0.02 | 0.02 | |||
矿物质 | ||||||
钙 | % | 1.0 | 0.6 |
|
| |
磷 | % | 0.8 | 0.5 |
|
| |
钾 | % | 0.6 | 0.6 |
|
| |
钠 | % | 0.2 | 0.2 |
|
| |
氯 / 氯化物 | % | 0.3 | 0.3 |
|
| |
镁 c | % | 0.08 | 0.04 |
|
| |
铁 d | mg/kg | 80.0 | 80.0 |
|
| |
铜 (膨化食品) e | mg/kg | 15.0 | 5.0 |
|
| |
铜 (罐头食品) e | mg/kg | 5.0 | 5.0 | |||
锰 | mg/kg | 7.5 | 7.5 |
|
没有猫缺乏时的相关研究 | |
锌 | mg/kg | 75.0 | 75.0 | 2000.0 |
|
|
碘 | mg/kg | 0.35 | 0.35 |
|
| |
硒 | mg/kg | 0.1 | 0.1 |
|
没有猫缺乏时的相关研究 | |
维生素 | ||||||
维生素A | IU/kg | 9000.0 | 5000.0 | 750000.0 |
|
|
维生素D | IU/kg | 750.0 | 500.0 | 10000.0 |
|
|
维生素E f | IU/kg | 30.0 | 30.0 |
|
| |
维生素K g | mg/kg | 0.1 | 0.1 |
|
| |
维生素B1 / 硫胺 h | mg/kg | 5.0 | 5.0 |
|
| |
核黄素 | mg/kg | 4.0 | 4.0 |
|
| |
泛酸 | mg/kg | 5.0 | 5.0 |
|
| |
烟酸 | mg/kg | 60.0 | 60.0 |
|
| |
维生素B6 / 吡哆醇 | mg/kg | 4.0 | 4.0 |
|
| |
叶酸 | mg/kg | 0.8 | 0.8 |
|
| |
生物素 i | mg/kg | 0.07 | 0.07 | |||
维生素B12 | mg/kg | 0.02 | 0.02 |
|
| |
胆碱j | mg/kg | 2400.0 | 2400.0 | |||
牛磺酸 (膨化食品) | % | 0.10 | 0.10 | |||
牛磺酸 (罐头食品) | % | 0.20 | 0.20 | |||
营养素 | 单位 (干物质为基础) |
生长和繁殖 的最小值 |
成年需求 的最低值 |
最大值 | 功能 | 缺乏/过量的反应 |
NOTES
|
参考资料
[编辑]- ^ Knight, A. In defense of vegetarian cat food. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2005, 226 (4): 512–3. PMID 15742685. doi:10.2460/javma.2005.226.512.
- ^ Howell E. Food Enzymes for Health & Longevity Woodstock Valley, CT, US: Omangod Press. xx. 1980.
- ^ [1] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) | Perry T. What's really for dinner? The truth about commercial pet food. The Animals' Agenda. 1996. Nov. - Dec.
- ^ Mauny de Mornay, Livre de l'eleveur et du proprietaire d'animaux domestiques 1837 http://books.google.com/books?printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:%22animaux+domestiques%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1800&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1880&cd=36&pg=PA287&id=tBkGwxXqxpgC&num=100&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q&f=false
- ^ Nicolas Jean Baptiste Boyard, Manuel du bouvier et zoophile: ou l'art d'élever de soigner les animaux 1844 http://books.google.com/books?pg=RA2-PA328&dq=intitle:%22animaux+domestiques%22+chat&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1800&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1880&cd=49&id=ODpFAAAAYAAJ&num=100&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=intitle%3A%22animaux%20domestiques%22%20chat&f=false
- ^ Gordon Stables, 'Cats': their points and characteristics, with Curiosities of cat life, and ... 1876 http://books.google.com/books?pg=PA371&dq=cat+food+%22cat+food%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1850&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1880&cd=11&id=iUUDAAAAQAAJ&num=100&as_brr=0#v=onepage&q=cat%20food%20%22cat%20food%22&f=false
- ^ ad for Spratt's http://books.google.com/books?id=5-ANAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP8&dq=cat+food+%22cat+food%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1850&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1880&num=100&as_brr=0&cd=26#v=onepage&q=cat%20food%20%22cat%20food%22&f=false
- ^ Gordon Stable, The domestic cat, 1876, 61 http://books.google.com/books?printsec=frontcover&dq=%22+%22+intitle:cat&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1850&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1880&cd=10&pg=PA61&id=30oDAAAAQAAJ&num=100&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q&f=false
- ^ Cats' Meat Man: c.1901. Museum of London. [October 2, 2012]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-13).
- ^ 苏菁菁. 貓咪這樣吃最健康. 台湾: 城邦文化事业股份有限公司‧麦浩斯出版. 2013年10月: 14 [2015-09-11]. ISBN 978-986-5802-35-6. (原始内容存档于2021-08-09) (中文).
- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Nutrient Requirements of Cats. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) National Academies Press. Pg 30. ISBN 978-0-309-03682-5
- ^ Subcommittee on Cat Nutrition, Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture, National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of cats. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press. 1986: 4–5. ISBN 0-309-03682-8.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Subcommittee on Dog and Cat Nutrition (Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Division on Earth and Life Studies). The Role of Vitamins and Minerals in the Diet for Cats. Nutrient Requirements of Cats and Dogs. ISBN 0-309-08628-0. National Research Council - National Academies. 2006 [2007-03-08]. (原始内容存档于2006-09-07).
- ^ 14.0 14.1 FAQ. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) The International Vegetarian Union.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 存档副本. [2013-06-18]. (原始内容存档于2010-03-05). Vegan Society.
- ^ 16.0 16.1 [2] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) The Cat Guide.
- ^ 17.0 17.1 Meatless Meals for Dogs and Cats. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) PETA.
- ^ 18.0 18.1 Selecting a Commercial Pet Food. 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2009-02-04. Born Free/Animal Protection Institute.
- ^ 19.0 19.1 Nutrition Q & A: Vegetarian Diets for Dogs. 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2007-12-15. ASPCA.
- ^ "AVAR position statements: Vegan and Vegetarian Cat and Dog Food Diets" Association of Veterinarians for Animal Rights
- ^ Gray, CM; Sellon, RK, Freeman LM. Nutritional adequacy of two vegan diets for cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2004, 225 (11): 1670–5.
- ^ 22.0 22.1 Knight, A. In defense of vegetarian cat food. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2005, 226 (4): 512–3.
- ^ Wakefield, LA; Shofer, FS & Michel, KE. Evaluation of cats fed vegetarian diets and attitudes of their caregivers (PDF). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2006, 229 (1): 70–3 [2013-06-18]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-11-11).
- ^ Edinboro, Charlotte H.; Scott-Moncrieff, Catharine; Janovitz, Evan; Thacker, Leon ; Glickman, Larry T. Epidemiologic study of relationships between consumption of commercial canned food and risk of hyperthyroidism in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. March 2004, 224 (6): 879–86 [2008-03-10]. doi:10.2460/javma.2004.224.879. (原始内容存档于2021-01-26).
- ^ David A. Dzanis, D.V.M., Ph.D., DACVN Division of Animal Feeds, Center for Veterinary Medicine. SELECTING NUTRITIOUS PET FOODS. INFORMATION FOR CONSUMERS. Food and Drug Administration - Center for Veterinary Medicine. November 1997 [2005-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2006-06-25).
外部链接
[编辑]- 美国食品药品监督管理局 - 兽药中心
- 宠物食品 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)(英文)
- Information For Consumers - FDA's Regulation Of Pet Food (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)(英文)
- Information For Consumers - Information On Marketing A Pet Food Product (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)(英文)
- Information For Consumers - Interpreting Pet Food Labels (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)(英文)
- Information For Consumers - Interpreting Pet Food Labels - Special Use Foods (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)(英文)
- Vegetarian Diets For Pets? (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)(英文)
- Report on the risk from pentobarbital in dog food (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)(英文)
- The Vegetarian Society UK on concerns relating to a vegetarian diet for cats(英文)
- The Cat That Ate Tofu (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Alternet article on vegan cat food(英文)
- Vegan Pet Food: A Discussion Animal Voices audio interview with Evolution pet food CEO(英文)
- From Max's House (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Feline Medical And Behavior Database[永久失效链接](英文)
- Buffington CA. Dry foods and risk of disease in cats. Can. Vet. J. June 2008, 49 (6): 561–3. PMC 2387258 . PMID 18624064. – disputes the claim that dry food is harmful(英文)
- Get The Facts - What's Really In Pet Food from Animal Protection Institute(英文)
- From AAFCO