硬笔

硬笔（英语：Pen）是一种较为常见的书写工具^[1]，现代的硬笔通常由安装在金属或塑料支架中的金属笔尖、笔球或尼龙笔尖将墨水涂在目标（通常是纸张）上以进行书写或绘图。早期的硬笔，如芦苇笔、羽毛笔、蘸水笔以及鸭嘴笔等，在笔尖上或小空隙或空腔中装有少量墨水，必须通过将笔尖浸入墨水池中定期重新蘸墨^[2]^[3]。如今，此类硬笔仅用于少数特殊用途，例如插图和书法。用于书写的芦苇笔、羽毛笔和蘸水笔已被圆珠笔、中性笔、钢笔和毡尖笔或陶瓷笔所取代^[4]。用于技术绘图和制图的标尺笔已被快速记录仪等技术笔所取代^[5]。所有这些现代硬笔都包含内部储墨器，因此在书写时不需要将其浸入墨水中^[6]。

参考文献

^ Pen 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2021-10-06.. Merriam-Webster Dictionary
^ Johannessen, Christian Mosbæk; Leeuwen, Theo van. The Materiality of Writing: A Trace Making Perspective. Routledge. 2017-09-18. ISBN 978-1-134-98646-0 （英语）.
^ Greetham, David C. Textual Scholarship: An Introduction. Routledge. 2015-10-28. ISBN 978-1-136-75579-8 （英语）.
^ "pen." Word Histories and Mysteries. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004. Credo Reference. Web. 13 September 2007.
^ Emmons, Paul. Drawing Imagining Building: Embodiment in Architectural Design Practices. Routledge. 2019-04-01. ISBN 978-1-317-17952-8 （英语）.
^ Silva, Patricia; Pauli, Erika. Modern Times. Marshall Cavendish. 2009. ISBN 978-0-7614-4322-3 （英语）.

[1] Pen 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2021-10-06.. Merriam-Webster Dictionary

[2] Johannessen, Christian Mosbæk; Leeuwen, Theo van. The Materiality of Writing: A Trace Making Perspective. Routledge. 2017-09-18. ISBN 978-1-134-98646-0 （英语）.

[3] Greetham, David C. Textual Scholarship: An Introduction. Routledge. 2015-10-28. ISBN 978-1-136-75579-8 （英语）.

[4] "pen." Word Histories and Mysteries. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004. Credo Reference. Web. 13 September 2007.

[5] Emmons, Paul. Drawing Imagining Building: Embodiment in Architectural Design Practices. Routledge. 2019-04-01. ISBN 978-1-317-17952-8 （英语）.

[6] Silva, Patricia; Pauli, Erika. Modern Times. Marshall Cavendish. 2009. ISBN 978-0-7614-4322-3 （英语）.

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