等离子体团

电浆粒团是一种将电浆和磁场连接在一起的结构，并曾经被用来解释像是球闪电的自然现象^[1]、在磁层内的磁泡 ^[2]，和彗尾内的物体,^[3]、在太阳风^[4]^[5]、在太阳的大气层^[6]，和在太阳圈电流片。在实验室内制造的电浆粒团包括逆转磁场配置、Spheromaks、和密集电浆焦点。

电浆粒团这个词汇是在1956年由Winston H. Bostick (1916-1991)创造的，它的意思是"电浆-磁场个体"^[7]：

电浆的散发不是无定形的一团，而是一种环形曲面的形式，我们将这个超环面结构称为电浆粒团，它的意思是电浆-磁场个体。电浆粒团这个词汇将使用于所有的电浆-磁场个体。

电浆粒团的特征

Bostick写道^[7]：

电浆粒团看起来是朝著磁场方向被延长的电浆圆柱体，电浆粒团拥有可以测量的磁矩、可以测量的平均速度、一个横断的电场和可以测量的大小。电浆粒团彼此之间可以有交互作用，它们的轨道可能也被互相的扭曲。电浆粒团如果被抛出进入10⁻³mm汞柱压力的气体时，可以被做成螺旋状和停止。电浆粒团也可能会互相摧毁成为碎片。但没有足够的证据支持它们会分裂和旋转的假说。

宇宙论的应用

Bostick尝试将它的电浆粒团理论应用在天文物理的现象上。他在1958年发表的论文^[8]，应用电浆相似的转换使用电浆枪（密集电浆焦点装置）让一对电浆粒团枪互射，以这样的交互作用模拟星系形成的一种早期模型^[9]^[10]。

注解

^ Silberg, Paul A., "Ball Lightning and Plasmoids", (1962) Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 67, p.4941
^ Hones, E. W., Jr., "The magnetotail - Its generation and dissipation", (1976) Physics of solar planetary environments; Proceedings of the International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Boulder, Colo., June 7-18, 1976. Volume 2.
^ Roosen, R. G.; Brandt, J. C., "Possible Detection of Colliding Plasmoids in the Tail of Comet Kohoutek" (1976), Study of Comets, Proceedings of IAU Colloq. 25, held in Greenbelt, MD, 28 October - 1 November, 1974. Edited by B. D. Donn, M. Mumma, W. Jackson, M. A'Hearn, and R. Harrington. National Aeronautics and Space Administration SP 393, 1976., p.378
^ Lemaire, J.; Roth, M., Differences between solar wind plasmoids and ideal magnetohydrodynamic filaments （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Planetary and Space Science, Volume 29, Issue 8, p. 843-849
^ Wang, S.; Lee, L. C.; Wei, C. Q.; Akasofu, S.-I., A mechanism for the formation of plasmoids and kink waves in the heliospheric current sheet (1988) Solar Physics (ISSN 0038-0938), vol. 117, no. 1, 1988, p. 157-169.
^ Cargill, P. J.; Pneuman, G. W., "The energy balance of plasmoids in the solar atmosphere" (1986), Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 307, Aug. 15, 1986, p. 820-825.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Bostick, Winston H., "Experimental Study of Ionized Matter Projected across a Magnetic Field （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", (1956) Physical Review, vol. 104, Issue 2, pp. 292-299
^ Bostick, Winston H., "Possible Hydromagnetic Simulation of Cosmical Phenomena in the Laboratory （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）" (1958) Cosmical Gas Dynamics, Proceedings from IAU Symposium no. 8. Edited by Johannes Martinus Burgers and Richard Nelson Thomas. International Astronomical Union. Symposium no. 8, p. 1090
^ W. L. Laurence, "Physicist creates universe in a test tube," New York Times, p. 1, Dec. 12, 1956.
^ Bostick, W. H., "What laboratory-produced plasma structures can contribute to the understanding of cosmic structures both large and small" (1986) IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (ISSN 0093-3813), vol. PS-14, Dec. 1986, p. 703-717.

参考资料

Bostick, W. H., "Experimental Study of Plasmoids （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", Electromagnetic Phenomena in Cosmical Physics, Proceedings from IAU Symposium no. 6. Edited by Bo Lehnert. International Astronomical Union. Symposium no. 6, Cambridge University Press, p.87

参阅

ADS Abstract references

[1] Silberg, Paul A., "Ball Lightning and Plasmoids", (1962) Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 67, p.4941

[2] Hones, E. W., Jr., "The magnetotail - Its generation and dissipation", (1976) Physics of solar planetary environments; Proceedings of the International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Boulder, Colo., June 7-18, 1976. Volume 2.

[3] Roosen, R. G.; Brandt, J. C., "Possible Detection of Colliding Plasmoids in the Tail of Comet Kohoutek" (1976), Study of Comets, Proceedings of IAU Colloq. 25, held in Greenbelt, MD, 28 October - 1 November, 1974. Edited by B. D. Donn, M. Mumma, W. Jackson, M. A'Hearn, and R. Harrington. National Aeronautics and Space Administration SP 393, 1976., p.378

[4] Lemaire, J.; Roth, M., Differences between solar wind plasmoids and ideal magnetohydrodynamic filaments （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Planetary and Space Science, Volume 29, Issue 8, p. 843-849

[5] Wang, S.; Lee, L. C.; Wei, C. Q.; Akasofu, S.-I., A mechanism for the formation of plasmoids and kink waves in the heliospheric current sheet (1988) Solar Physics (ISSN 0038-0938), vol. 117, no. 1, 1988, p. 157-169.

[6] Cargill, P. J.; Pneuman, G. W., "The energy balance of plasmoids in the solar atmosphere" (1986), Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 307, Aug. 15, 1986, p. 820-825.

[bostick1956-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Bostick, Winston H., "Experimental Study of Ionized Matter Projected across a Magnetic Field （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", (1956) Physical Review, vol. 104, Issue 2, pp. 292-299

[8] Bostick, Winston H., "Possible Hydromagnetic Simulation of Cosmical Phenomena in the Laboratory （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）" (1958) Cosmical Gas Dynamics, Proceedings from IAU Symposium no. 8. Edited by Johannes Martinus Burgers and Richard Nelson Thomas. International Astronomical Union. Symposium no. 8, p. 1090

[9] W. L. Laurence, "Physicist creates universe in a test tube," New York Times, p. 1, Dec. 12, 1956.

[10] Bostick, W. H., "What laboratory-produced plasma structures can contribute to the understanding of cosmic structures both large and small" (1986) IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (ISSN 0093-3813), vol. PS-14, Dec. 1986, p. 703-717.

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