嫗鱗魨

嫗鱗魨
	巴西阿布羅略斯海洋國家公園內的一條嫗鱗魨
保護狀況
	; 近危（IUCN 3.1）
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	條鰭魚綱 Actinopteri
目：	魨形目 Tetraodontiformes
科：	鱗魨科 Balistidae
屬：	鱗魨屬 Balistes
種：	嫗鱗魨 B. vetula
二名法
	Balistes vetula; Linnaeus, 1758
異名
	Balistes bellus Walbaum, 1792; Balistes equestris Gronow, 1854; Balistes vetula trinitatis Nichols & Murphy, 1914;

嫗鱗魨或姬鱗魨（學名：Balistes vetula），商品名為女王炮彈或藍紋彈，為分布於大西洋熱帶淺海的一種鱗魨。其體色大致呈橄欖色，眼睛下方的面部與胸鰭下方為橙色，嘴部周圍有電藍色花紋。該魚主要棲息於珊瑚礁或是岩質海床，獵物多為帶硬殼的無脊椎動物。其在繁殖時會用魚鰭挖掘沙穴並在其中產卵，此後會看護魚卵直至孵化，期間該魚會變得極其好鬥，甚至可能咬傷潛水員。該魚可作為觀賞魚飼養，而在拉丁美洲加勒比海沿岸也是食用魚。目前其在加勒比海的種群較為穩定，但幾內亞灣和巴西水域的種群均因過度捕撈而大幅下降。

物種命名

嫗鱗魨的屬名「Balistes」源自於拉丁語Balista，意為投射機，得名於該魚較短的第二背棘可控制另一根較長背棘的活動，類似於投射機的扳機。其種加詞「vetula」則源自於古巴西班牙語的「Vieja」，意為老婦。該種加詞的起源有兩種不同的假說。其一認為該種加詞源自當時以與女性有關的方言詞彙命名大型魚類的傳統，而另一假說則稱其得名於被捕獲時發出的咕噥聲^[2]。

外貌描述

嫗鱗魨體型橢圓，身形側扁，眼較小且位置靠上。其第一片背鰭有兩根棘刺，可在夜間將該魚固定在石縫中，也可防止天敵將其整個吞下。第二對背鰭相當長，呈三角形，尾鰭呈新月形。其嘴小，但下顎相當強壯，內有極為鋒利的牙齒。其胸鰭前有薄膜，可用於製造噪音以警告其他魚遠離^[3]。成年嫗鱗魨大致體色為鐵灰色至橄欖綠色，但眼睛下方的面部以及胸鰭下方為橙黃色，嘴部周圍有電藍色花紋，亦有深藍色花紋自眼睛周圍輻射而出^[4]，尾柄上也有一道藍色豎紋^[3]。幼年嫗鱗魨與成魚外貌相仿，但顏色相對黯淡。嫗鱗魨通常可長到約45厘米^[4]，雄魚稍小於雌魚^[5]。該魚可改變顏色以匹配周圍環境，而在緊張時亦有可能變色^[6]。

物種分布

嫗鱗魨分布於大西洋水域。其在東大西洋的分布範圍北至加拿大與馬薩諸塞州，南至巴西水域；在西大西洋該魚則分布於亞速爾群島至安哥拉南部之間的水域^[3]。

生態與習性

棲息地

嫗鱗魨主要棲息於岩質海床上方或是珊瑚礁中，偶爾也出沒於沙質海床或是海藻床上方^[3]，水深最深為275米，但其最常見於不深於30米的淺海^[3]。

食性

嫗鱗魨主要以海膽、蟹與石鱉為食，也會捕食小魚、蝦、螺類與貝類^[7]。當捕食小魚等快速游動的獵物時，嫗鱗魨會直接將其吸入嘴中。如獵物帶有硬殼，該魚會則會反覆齧咬目標以咬碎其外殼。此外，有時嫗鱗魨會將獵物吞入口中再吐出來以調整齧咬的角度或是揀出不可食用的部分^[8]。

生命周期

嫗鱗魨全年均可繁殖，較大的雌性個體可在一年中產卵80餘次，大部分繁殖行為集中於滿月後數日^[5]。該魚在繁殖期會洄游至特定的產卵場^[9]。該魚繁殖時會用魚鰭在海床上挖出一處沙坑並在其中產卵。此後，親魚會照料魚卵直至孵化，並會攻擊靠近的其他動物^[4]。孵化後的魚苗會在海水中浮游^[5]。雌性個體平均在4歲時性成熟，此時體長約25厘米，雄性個體則平均在2.7歲時性成熟，此時體長約21厘米^[5]^[10]。對於該魚的最大壽命目前尚無定論，20世紀80年代的分析認為該魚最大壽命為7歲^[11]，但2011年有巴西學者根據其背鰭棘刺發育情況推測該魚可活至14歲^[12]，而基於其體內碳-14濃度的推算則認為其壽命可達40歲^[13]。

天敵與寄生蟲

嫗鱗魨的天敵主要為大型掠食性魚類，如石斑魚、鰺和鯊魚^[3]。其寄生蟲包括數種縮頭水虱、橈腳類、線蟲、絛蟲、吸蟲以及水蛭^[14]。

與人類的關係

通常嫗鱗魨相當害羞，遭遇潛水員時一般會立刻逃離。然而，護卵的嫗鱗魨性格相當暴躁，會主動攻擊靠近的潛水員，並可造成嚴重咬傷^[3]。

此外，有說法認為古巴的豬灣即得名於此魚的西班牙語俗名「Cochino」^[15]。

作為觀賞魚

嫗鱗魨可作為觀賞魚飼養，商品名為女王炮彈或藍紋彈^[16]。市面上出售的個體多捕捉自加勒比海^[17]。由於其體型較大且脾氣暴躁，一般僅有公共水族館會飼養此魚，私人養殖極少^[3]。

作為食用魚

嫗鱗魨在拉丁美洲加勒比海沿岸是重要的食用魚^[18]，漁民多以地籠或是釣竿捕捉此魚^[11]。該魚亦是商業延繩捕魚的兼捕^[1]。然而，該魚臟器內可能蓄積有雪卡毒素^[19]。

種群保育

嫗鱗魨的種群有下降趨勢，主要原因為過度捕撈，在巴西和幾內亞灣水域尤甚。自1980年代至今，該魚在這兩片水域的種群均減少了超過九成。與之相比，該魚在加勒比海水域所面臨的壓力較小。加勒比海不僅對該魚的商業捕撈較少，波多黎各和美屬維爾京群島政府亦在規劃對嫗鱗魨的繁殖水域實施禁捕。總而言之，雖然部分水域該魚種群有顯著下降，但整體幅度較低，IUCN將其評為「近危」^[1]。

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Liu, J; Zapfe, G; Shao, K; Leis, J.L; Matsuura, K; Hardy, G; Liu, M; Tyler, J. Balistes vetula. The IUCN. 2015 [2024-10-18]. （原始內容存檔於2024-07-17）.
^ Scharpf, C. Order TETRAODONTIFORMES: Families MOLIDAE, BALISTIDAE, MONACANTHIDAE, ARACANIDAE and OSTRACIIDAE. The ETYFish Project. [2024-11-08]. （原始內容存檔於2024-10-07）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 ^3.6 ^3.7 Bester, C. Balistes vetula. Florida Museum of Natural History. University of Florida. [2024-10-16]. （原始內容存檔於2024-07-20）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Snyder, D.B; Burgess, G.H. Marine Fishes of Florida. Johns Hopkins University Press. 2016: 312–315. doi:10.56021/9781421418728.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Rivera Hernández, J.M; Shervette, V.R. Queen Triggerfish Balistes vetula Age-Based Population Demographics and Reproductive Biology for Waters of the North Caribbean. Fishes. 2024, 9 (2). doi:10.3390/fishes9050162.
^ Humann, Paul; Deloach, Ned. Reef Fish Identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas Third. New World Publications. 2002: 394. ISBN 978-1878348302.
^ Reinthal, P.N; Kensley, B; Lewis, S.M. Dietary Shifts in the Queen Triggerfish, Balistes vetula, in the Absence of its Primary Food Item, Diadema antillarum. Marine Ecology. 1984, 5 (2): 191–195. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1984.tb00314.x.
^ Turingan, R.G; Wainwright, P.C. Morphological and functional bases of durophagy in the queen triggerfish, Balistes vetula (Pisces, tetraodontiformes). Journal of morphology. 1993, 215 (2): 101–108. doi:10.1002/jmor.1052150202.
^ Bryan, D.B; Feeley, M.W; Nemeth, R.S; Pollock, C; Ault, J.S. Home range and spawning migration patterns of queen triggerfish Balistes vetula in St. Croix, US Virgin Islands. Marine ecology. 2019, 616: 123–139. doi:10.3354/meps12944.
^ Rivera Hernández, J.M; Peña Alvarado, N; Correa Vélez, K; Nemeth, R; Appeldoorn, R; Shervette, V.R. Queen Triggerfish Reproductive Biology in U.S. Caribbean Waters. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 2019, 148 (1): 134–147. doi:10.1002/tafs.10124.
^ ^11.0 ^11.1 Manooch III, C.S; Drennon, C.L. Age and growth of yellowtail snapper and queen triggerfish collected from the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. Fisheries Research. 1987, 6 (1). doi:10.1016/0165-7836(87)90006-3.
^ de Albuquerque, C.Q; Martins, A.S; Leite Jr, N.O; Araújo, J.N; Ribeiro, A.M. Age and Growth of the Queen Triggerfish Batistes vetula (Tetraodontiformes, Balistidae) Of The Central Coast of Brazil. Brazilian journal of oceanography. 2011, 59 (3): 231–239. doi:10.1590/s1679-87592011000300003.
^ Shervette, V.R; Rivera Hernández, J.M; Clayton, J.A.B. Queen triggerfish Balistes vetula: Validation of otolith-based age, growth, and longevity estimates via application of bomb radiocarbon. PloS one. 2022, 17 (1). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0262281.
^ Alves, D.R; Paraguassú, A.R; Luque, J.L. Community ecology of the metazoan parasites of the grey triggerfish, Balistes capriscus Gmelin, 1789 and queen triggerfish B. vetula Linnaeus,1758 (Osteichthyes: Balistidae) from the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria. 2005, 14 (2): 71–77. PMID 16153348.
^ Claro, Rodolfo; García-Arteaga, Juan P.; Gobert, Bertrand; Cantelar Ramos, Karel. Tabla 2. Pesos y tallas mínimos legales en Cuba y proporción de peces con tallas inferiores en las capturas con chinchorros y nasas de la empresa pesquera de Caibarién. (PDF). Situación actual de los recursos pesqueros del Archipiélago Sabana-Camagüey, Cuba. Invemar. 13 May 2003 [14 April 2011]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於21 December 2019）.
^ 王大龍. 经典观赏鱼图鉴. 長春: 吉林科學技術出版社. 2013: 217. ISBN 9787538456530. OCLC 951866350 （中文（中國大陸））.
^ Brukner, A.W. The importance of the marine ornamental reef fish trade in the wider Caribbean. Revista de biología tropica: 127–137. PMID 17465152.
^ Urquhart, J.P; Olson, D.B; Babcock, E.A. Generalized additive models for categorical count data: An exploration of the decline of queen triggerfish Balistes vetula in the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos. Fisheries management and ecology. 2023, 30 (3): 257–268. doi:10.1111/fme.12617.
^ Pottier, I; Vernoux, J; Lewis, R.J. Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean: Reconciling the Multiplicity of Ciguatoxins and Analytical Chemistry Approach for Public Health Safety. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2001, 168: 99–141. PMID 37505722. doi:10.3390/toxins15070453.

[iucn-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Liu, J; Zapfe, G; Shao, K; Leis, J.L; Matsuura, K; Hardy, G; Liu, M; Tyler, J. Balistes vetula. The IUCN. 2015 [2024-10-18]. （原始內容存檔於2024-07-17）.

[2] Scharpf, C. Order TETRAODONTIFORMES: Families MOLIDAE, BALISTIDAE, MONACANTHIDAE, ARACANIDAE and OSTRACIIDAE. The ETYFish Project. [2024-11-08]. （原始內容存檔於2024-10-07）.

[florida-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 ^3.6 ^3.7 Bester, C. Balistes vetula. Florida Museum of Natural History. University of Florida. [2024-10-16]. （原始內容存檔於2024-07-20）.

[snyder-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Snyder, D.B; Burgess, G.H. Marine Fishes of Florida. Johns Hopkins University Press. 2016: 312–315. doi:10.56021/9781421418728.

[rivera-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Rivera Hernández, J.M; Shervette, V.R. Queen Triggerfish Balistes vetula Age-Based Population Demographics and Reproductive Biology for Waters of the North Caribbean. Fishes. 2024, 9 (2). doi:10.3390/fishes9050162.

[Humann-6] Humann, Paul; Deloach, Ned. Reef Fish Identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas Third. New World Publications. 2002: 394. ISBN 978-1878348302.

[7] Reinthal, P.N; Kensley, B; Lewis, S.M. Dietary Shifts in the Queen Triggerfish, Balistes vetula, in the Absence of its Primary Food Item, Diadema antillarum. Marine Ecology. 1984, 5 (2): 191–195. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1984.tb00314.x.

[8] Turingan, R.G; Wainwright, P.C. Morphological and functional bases of durophagy in the queen triggerfish, Balistes vetula (Pisces, tetraodontiformes). Journal of morphology. 1993, 215 (2): 101–108. doi:10.1002/jmor.1052150202.

[9] Bryan, D.B; Feeley, M.W; Nemeth, R.S; Pollock, C; Ault, J.S. Home range and spawning migration patterns of queen triggerfish Balistes vetula in St. Croix, US Virgin Islands. Marine ecology. 2019, 616: 123–139. doi:10.3354/meps12944.

[10] Rivera Hernández, J.M; Peña Alvarado, N; Correa Vélez, K; Nemeth, R; Appeldoorn, R; Shervette, V.R. Queen Triggerfish Reproductive Biology in U.S. Caribbean Waters. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 2019, 148 (1): 134–147. doi:10.1002/tafs.10124.

[manooch-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Manooch III, C.S; Drennon, C.L. Age and growth of yellowtail snapper and queen triggerfish collected from the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. Fisheries Research. 1987, 6 (1). doi:10.1016/0165-7836(87)90006-3.

[12] Albuquerque, C.Q; Martins, A.S; Leite Jr, N.O; Araújo, J.N; Ribeiro, A.M. Age and Growth of the Queen Triggerfish Batistes vetula (Tetraodontiformes, Balistidae) Of The Central Coast of Brazil. Brazilian journal of oceanography. 2011, 59 (3): 231–239. doi:10.1590/s1679-87592011000300003.

[13] Shervette, V.R; Rivera Hernández, J.M; Clayton, J.A.B. Queen triggerfish Balistes vetula: Validation of otolith-based age, growth, and longevity estimates via application of bomb radiocarbon. PloS one. 2022, 17 (1). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0262281.

[14] Alves, D.R; Paraguassú, A.R; Luque, J.L. Community ecology of the metazoan parasites of the grey triggerfish, Balistes capriscus Gmelin, 1789 and queen triggerfish B. vetula Linnaeus,1758 (Osteichthyes: Balistidae) from the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria. 2005, 14 (2): 71–77. PMID 16153348.

[15] Claro, Rodolfo; García-Arteaga, Juan P.; Gobert, Bertrand; Cantelar Ramos, Karel. Tabla 2. Pesos y tallas mínimos legales en Cuba y proporción de peces con tallas inferiores en las capturas con chinchorros y nasas de la empresa pesquera de Caibarién. (PDF). Situación actual de los recursos pesqueros del Archipiélago Sabana-Camagüey, Cuba. Invemar. 13 May 2003 [14 April 2011]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於21 December 2019）.

[16] 王大龍. 经典观赏鱼图鉴. 長春: 吉林科學技術出版社. 2013: 217. ISBN 9787538456530. OCLC 951866350 （中文（中國大陸））.

[17] Brukner, A.W. The importance of the marine ornamental reef fish trade in the wider Caribbean. Revista de biología tropica: 127–137. PMID 17465152.

[18] Urquhart, J.P; Olson, D.B; Babcock, E.A. Generalized additive models for categorical count data: An exploration of the decline of queen triggerfish Balistes vetula in the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos. Fisheries management and ecology. 2023, 30 (3): 257–268. doi:10.1111/fme.12617.

[19] Pottier, I; Vernoux, J; Lewis, R.J. Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean: Reconciling the Multiplicity of Ciguatoxins and Analytical Chemistry Approach for Public Health Safety. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2001, 168: 99–141. PMID 37505722. doi:10.3390/toxins15070453.

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