絛蟲綱

絛蟲綱; 化石時期：270 –0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Taenia saginata
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	扁形動物門 Platyhelminthes
綱：	絛蟲綱 Cestoda
亞綱
	單節絛蟲亞綱; 多節絛蟲亞綱;

絛蟲綱（學名：Cestoda）是一個寄生性扁形動物門的一個綱^[2]^[3]。人們常說的絛蟲其實是多個物種的泛稱。所有絛蟲綱的物種都是寄生蟲，其生活史可能各有不同，但這些物種的成蟲寄生於各類脊椎動物的消化道內，而其幼年期則寄生於其他動物的物種，例如：軟體動物。這些物種自身無消化道，體分節或不分節的扁形動物。

絛蟲的寄生歷程已有很長久歷史：科學家在一塊2.7億年前（二疊紀中期到後期）的鯊魚糞便化石（coprolites）裡發現了多叢絛蟲卵及一條發育中的蚴^[1]。

分類

目前全球約有4000餘種，中國約有400種^[4]。共分以下兩個亞綱：

單節絛蟲亞綱（Cestodaria）
多節絛蟲亞綱（Eucestoidea）

寄生於人體的絛蟲有30餘種，多屬圓葉目（Cyclophyllidea）和假葉目（Pseudophyllidea），最著名的種是引起人類絛蟲病的豬肉絛蟲^[4]。

多節絛蟲亞綱物種的分類已澄清^[5]。以下為現時的分類：

單殖綱 Monogenea
- Amphilinidea
  - Caryophyllidea
    - Spathebothriidea
      - Trypanorhyncha
        假葉目（Pseudophyllidea）
        四葉目（Tetraphyllidea）
        Diphyllidea, Proteocephalidea
        
        Nippotaeniidea
        圓葉目（Cyclophyllidea）、Tetrabothriidea

四葉目、假葉目（因為裂頭絛蟲科，Diphyllobothriidae）及圓葉目（因為Mesocestoididae科）均為並系群。

帶科（Taeniidae）可能是圓葉目之下12個目的最基底^[5]。

The Tetraphyllidea, Lecanicephalidea, Proteocephalidea, Nippotaeniidea, Tetrabothriidea, and Cyclophyllidea are considered to be the 'higher' tapeworms.

海洋中的Trypanorhyncha目有277個已知物種，分為五個總科：Tentacularioidea, Gymnorhynchoidea, Otobothrioidea, Eutetrarhynchidae 和 Lacistorhynchidae.

在GBIF，本綱包括以下目：

Amphilinidea
Bothriocephalidea
Caryophyllidea
Cathetocephalidea
- Cathetocephalidae
- Disculicepitidae
圓葉目 Cyclophyllidea
Diphyllidea
- Echinobothriidae
裂頭絛蟲目 Diphyllobothriidea
- Cephalochlamydidae
- 裂頭絛蟲科 Diphyllobothriidae
  - Adenocephalus Nybelin, 1931
  - Baylisia Markowski, 1952
  - Baylisiella Markowski, 1952
  - Dibothriocephalus Lühe, 1899
  - Diphyllobothrium Cobbold, 1858
  - Diplogonophorus Lönnberg, 1892
  - Dubium Rudolphi, 1819
  - Flexobothrium Yurakhno, 1989
  - Glandicephalus Fuhrmann, 1921
  - Hexagonoporus Gubanov, 1955
  - Ligula Bloch, 1782
    - Ligula alternans Rudolphi, 1810
    - Ligula avium Bloch, 1782
    - Ligula colymbi Zeder, 1803
    - Ligula digramma Creplin, 1839
    - Ligula interrupta Rudolphi, 1810
    - Ligula intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Gmelin, 1790^[6]
    - Ligula monogramma Creplin, 1839
    - Ligula nemachili (Dubinina, 1957) Kuchta & Scholz, 2017
    - Ligula pancerii Polonio, 1860
    - Ligula pavlovskii Dubinina, 1959
  - Multiductus Clarke, 1962
  - Plicobothrium Rausch & Margolis, 1969
  - Pyramicocephalus Monticelli, 1890
  - Schistocephalus Creplin, 1829
  - Sparganum Diesing, 1854
  - Spirometra Faust, Campbell & Kellogg, 1929
  - Tetragonoporus Skryabin, 1961
- Solenophoridae
Gyrocotylidea
Haplobothriidea
Lecanicephalidea
- Aberrapecidae
- Cephalobothiidae
- Cephalobothriidae
- Eniochobothriidae
- Lecanicephalidae
- Paraberrapecidae
- Polycephalidae
- Polypocephalidae
  - Anteropora Subhapradha, 1955
  - Anthemobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
  - Corollapex Herzog & Jensen, 2017
  - Hornellobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
  - Polypocephalus Braun, 1878^[7]
    - Polypocephalus affinis Subhapradha, 1951
    - Polypocephalus alii Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
    - Polypocephalus barsami Roudsari & Haseli, 2020
    - Polypocephalus bombayensis Shinde, Dhule & Jadhav, 1991
    - Polypocephalus budhadebae Jadhav, 2007
    - Polypocephalus caribbensis (Gardner & Schmidt, 1984) Jensen, 2005
    - Polypocephalus coronatus Subhapradha, 1951
    - Polypocephalus digholensis Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
    - Polypocephalus djeddensis Jadhav & Shinde, 1989
    - Polypocephalus elongatus (Southwell, 1912) Jensen, 2005
    - Polypocephalus harnesis Lanka, Pathan & Jadhav, 2006
    - Polypocephalus helmuti Jensen, 2005
    - Polypocephalus himanshui Pramanik & Manna, 2006
    - Polypocephalus indicus Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
    - Polypocephalus karbharii Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
    - Polypocephalus katpurensis Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
    - Polypocephalus kuhlii Vankara, Vijayalakshmi & Vijayalakshmi, 2006
    - Polypocephalus lintoni Subhapradha, 1951
    - Polypocephalus maharashtra Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
    - Polypocephalus medusia (Linton, 1890) Southwell, 1925
    - Polypocephalus mirkarwarensis Dandawate & Jadhav, 2009
    - Polypocephalus moretonensis Butler, 1987
    - Polypocephalus prathibhai Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
    - Polypocephalus radiatus Braun, 1878
    - Polypocephalus ratnagiriensis Jadhav, Shinde & Sarwade, 1986
    - Polypocephalus rhinobatidis Subhapradha, 1951
    - Polypocephalus rhynchobatidis Subhapradha, 1951
    - Polypocephalus saoudi Hassan, 1982
    - Polypocephalus singhii Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
    - Polypocephalus thapari Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
    - Polypocephalus vesicularis Yamaguti, 1960
    - Polypocephalus visakhapatnamensis Vankara, Lakshmi & Lakshmi, 2007
    - Polypocephalus vitellaris Subhapradha, 1951
    - Polypocephalus waltairensis Mote, 2012
  - Seussapex Jensen & Russell, 2014
  - Thysanobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
- Tetragonocephalidae
- Zanobatocestidae
Litobothriidea
Nippotaeniidea
Onchoproteocephalidea
Phyllobothriidea
- Chimaerocestidae
- Phyllobothriidae
  - Alexandercestus Ruhnke & Workman, 2013
  - Anindobothrium
  - Anthobothrium
  - Aocobothrium
  - Bibursibothridium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
  - Bibursibothrium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
  - Biporophyllaeus Subramaniam, 1939
  - Calyptrobothrium Monticelli, 1893
  - Cardiobothrium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
  - Caulobothrium
  - Caulopatera Cutmore, Bennett & Cribb, 2010
  - Clistobothrium Dailey & Vogelbein, 1990
    - Clistobothrium amyae Caira, Hayes & Jensen, 2020
    - Clistobothrium carcharodoni Dailey & Vogelbein, 1990^[8]
    - Clistobothrium gabywalterorum Caira, Hayes & Jensen, 2020
    - Clistobothrium montaukense Ruhnke, 1993
    - Clistobothrium tumidum (Linton, 1922) Ruhnke, 1993
  - Crossobothrium Linton, 1889
  - Cyatocotyle Mola, 1908
  - Dinobothrium
  - Flexibothrium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
  - Gastrolecithus
  - Guidus Ivanov, 2006
  - Hemipristicola Cutmore, Theiss, Bennett & Cribb, 2011
  - Hoaleshwaria
  - Kowsalyabothrium Muralidhar, Shinde & Jadhav, 1987
  - Marsupiobothrium Yamaguti, 1952
  - Monorygma Diesing, 1863
  - Orygmatobothrium Diesing, 1863
  - Pelichnibothrium Monticelli, 1889
  - Pentaloculum Alexander, 1963
  - Phanobothrium
  - Phormobothrium Alexander, 1963
  - Phyllobothrium Van Beneden, 1850
  - Pillersium Southwell, 1927
  - Pithophorus Southwell, 1925
  - Polipobothrium
  - Rockacestus Caira, Bueno & Jensen, 2021
  - Ruhnkebothrium Caira, Bueno & Jensen, 2021
  - Scyphophyllidium Woodland, 1927
  - Shindeiobothrium
  - Thysanocephalum Linton, 1890
  - Tiarabothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
  - Yamaguticestus Caira, Bueno & Jensen, 2021
  - Zyxibothrium Hayden & Campbell, 1981
Rhinebothriidea
Spathebothriidea
- Acrobothriidae
- Diplocotylidae
- Spathebothriidae
Tetrabothriidea
- Tetrabothriidae
  - Anophryocephalus Baylis, 1922
  - Bothridiotaenia Lönnberg, 1896
  - Chaetophallus Nybelin, 1916
  - Dendrometra Jordano & Diaz-Ungria, 1956
  - Priapocephalus Nybelin, 1922
  - Strobilocephalus Baer, 1932
  - Tetrabothrium Blainville, 1828
  - Tetrabothrius Rudolphi, 1819
  - Trigonocotyle Baer, 1932
四葉目 Tetraphyllidea
錐吻目 Trypanorhyncha

目的地位未定的科：

目和科的地位未定的屬：

Acanthorhynchus Diesing, 1850
Acrostoma Le Sauvage, 1827
Alyselminthus Zeder, 1800
Amphicephalus Beneden, 1871
Aprostatandrya Spasski, 1951
Atriotaenia Spasski, 1951
Balanoforus Briganti, 1825
Bicorne Sultzer, 1801
Bicornius Rafinesque, 1815
Bothriocephalum Lühe, 1899
Bothriorhynchus Lidth de Jeude, 1829
Bothriotaenia Railliet, 1892
Bothryocephalus Cuvier, 1817
Butleroides Lordello & Zamith, 1959
Caryophillinus Schrank, 1788
Caryophyllus Rudolphi, 1809
Catenaria Zeder, 1800
Cephalocotyleum Diesing, 1850
Cercocystis Villot, 1882
Cestoideum Diesing, 1854
Cestoscolex Parona, 1887
Chitonorecta Meggitt, 1927
Cisticercoideum Parona, 1901
Corynesoma Leuckart, 1843
Cotylogenes Lühe, 1902
Cryptocephalus van Beneden, 1849
Cryptocystis Villot, 1883
Cucurbilepsis Sadovskaya, 1965
Cucurbitina Alexander, 1833
Cucurbitinus Gleichen, 1779
Cucurbitinus Kniphof, 1759
Cylindrocorpus Rühm, 1959
Cysticercus Zeder, 1800
Cysturus Oken, 1815
Davainoides Fuhrmann, 1921
Dibothria Rudolphi, 1809
Dibothriorhyncus Chiaje, 1831
Dibothrium Diesing, 1850
Dibothrium Rudolphi, 1839
Dibothrius Rudolphi, 1819
Dibothrydus
Diorchis Matevosyan, 1946
Diplasia Holten, 1802
Diporus Diesing, 1863
Diprognopolus Anon., 1904
Dithyridium Rudolphi, 1819
Dithyridium Valenciennes, 1844
Dittocephalus Parona, 1887
Echinobothria Rudolphi, 1810
Echinobothrion Rudolphi, 1809
Echinoproboscilepsis Sadovskaya, 1965
Fascia Blanchard, 1888
Furia Linnaeus, 1758
Gieystoria
Globus Scopoli, 1772
Gopalaia Dixit, Capoor & Rengaragu, 1980
Guptaia Malhotra, 1985
Gvosdevileps Spasskii, 1953
Gymnobothrion Rudolphi, 1809
Gymnoscolex Diesing, 1853
Gymnotenia Beneden, 1873
Gyrarthrix
Halysis Zeder, 1803
Heterodera Skarbilovich, 1959
Hydatodes Abildgaard, 1790
Ilisha Southwell & Prashad, 1918
Lakistorhynchus Pintner, 1913
Luheella Baer, 1924
Maccallumiella Yamaguti, 1952
Mastacembellophyllaeus Shinde & Chincholikar, 1977
Merocestus Cohn, 1902
Metabelea Mettrick, 1963
Monocercus Villot, 1882
Monogramma Cholodkovsky, 1915
Notobothrium Linstow, 1905
Octobothrium Diesing, 1850
Onchoscolex Diesing, 1853
Oobothrium Linton, 1904
Orygmatoscolex Diesing, 1854
Palaia Shipley, 1900
Pancrates Gistl, 1848
Parvitaenio Burt, 1940
Piestocystis Diesing, 1850
平槽屬 Platybothrium Hornell & Nayudu, 1924
Plerocercoides
Proglottis Dujardin, 1843
Prosthecocotyle Monticelli, 1892
Pseudobothrium
Pseudocapingentoldes Verma, 1971
Pseudodiscus Polonio, 1860
Pseudonybelinla Dollfus, 1966
Pseudoscicus Polonio, 1860
Sagittula Lamarck, 1816
Skrjabinoparaksis Krotov, 1949
Slossia Meggitt, 1931
Solium Blanchard, 1886
Spasskijela Tenora, 1959
Sphairidion Goodsir, 1845
Steganobothrium Diesing, 1854
Stenotenia Gervais, 1870
Strobilocercus Sambon, 1924
Synbia Tschudi, 1837
Taeniea Braun, 1894
Taxocyclocotyle Diesing, 1854
Terratas Blanchard, 1886
Tetrabothriorhynchus Diesing, 1850
Tetracisdicotyla Fuhrmann, 1907
Tetracotylus Monticelli, 1892
Tetrarhyncha
Tetrastoma Forbes, 1840
Tetrathyridium Rudolphi, 1819
Tetrathyrus Creplin, 1851
Thornonema Andrássy, 1959
Urocystidium Beddard, 1912
Versicaria Baird, 1853

特徵

成蟲扁長如腰帶，分節，白色或乳白色，體長因蟲種不同可從數毫米至數米不等。由頭節（scolex）、頸部（neck）、節片（proglottid）組成，前端細。頭節上有槽、吸盤或鈎，藉此附着在宿主腸壁上；節片由頸分裂而來，節片由一至數千不等，越往後越寬大；每一節片相當一個體，稱鏈體（stroblius），鏈體是蟲體最顯著的部分，其中至少有一套雌雄生殖器官，其他器官退化，營養靠體表吸收宿主的養料；隨着生殖器官的發育，節片愈後愈成熟，有卵的節片稱為孕節，最後逐節或整段脫落，隨糞便排出宿主體外。

生活史

卵內具有鈎的胚，胚逸出後侵入中間宿主，發育為實心或囊狀的蚴，蚴被最終宿主吞食後，即在小腸內成長為成蟲；例如寄生人體內的豬肉絛蟲、牛肉絛蟲。

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Tapeworm eggs discovered in 270-million-year-old fossil shark feces [2.7億年前鯊魚糞便化石發現絛蟲卵]. ScienceDaily. [2022-11-13]. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-13）（英語）.
^ McManus, D. P. The physiology and biochemistry of cestodes. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. 1989. ISBN 0-521-35557-5. OCLC 18350421.
^ Craig, Philip; Pawłowski, Zbigniew. Cestode zoonoses: echinococcosis and cysticercosis: an emergent and global problem. Amsterdam: IOS Press. 2002. ISBN 1-58603-220-8. OCLC 49775224.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 人体寄生虫学第6版. 人民衛生出版社. 2004. ISBN 7-117-06164-2. R·6165 （中文（簡體））.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Mariaux, J. A molecular phylogeny of the Eucestoda. The Journal of Parasitology. 1998-02, 84 (1) [2022-11-13]. ISSN 0022-3395. JSTOR 3284540. PMID 9488348. S2CID 24300383. doi:10.2307/3284540. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-13）.
^ Ligula intestinalis. Parasite of the Day. [2024-03-28].
^ Polypocephalus sp.. Parasite of the Day. [2024-03-29]. （原始內容存檔於2024-03-29）.
^ Clistobothrium carcharodoni. Parasite of the Day. [2024-04-06]. （原始內容存檔於2024-06-29）.

[Paula2013-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Tapeworm eggs discovered in 270-million-year-old fossil shark feces [2.7億年前鯊魚糞便化石發現絛蟲卵]. ScienceDaily. [2022-11-13]. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-13）（英語）.

[2] McManus, D. P. The physiology and biochemistry of cestodes. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. 1989. ISBN 0-521-35557-5. OCLC 18350421.

[3] Craig, Philip; Pawłowski, Zbigniew. Cestode zoonoses: echinococcosis and cysticercosis: an emergent and global problem. Amsterdam: IOS Press. 2002. ISBN 1-58603-220-8. OCLC 49775224.

[Renmin-4] 4.0 ^4.1 人体寄生虫学第6版. 人民衛生出版社. 2004. ISBN 7-117-06164-2. R·6165 （中文（簡體））.

[Mariaux1998-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Mariaux, J. A molecular phylogeny of the Eucestoda. The Journal of Parasitology. 1998-02, 84 (1) [2022-11-13]. ISSN 0022-3395. JSTOR 3284540. PMID 9488348. S2CID 24300383. doi:10.2307/3284540. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-13）.

[6] Ligula intestinalis. Parasite of the Day. [2024-03-28].

[7] Polypocephalus sp.. Parasite of the Day. [2024-03-29]. （原始內容存檔於2024-03-29）.

[8] Clistobothrium carcharodoni. Parasite of the Day. [2024-04-06]. （原始內容存檔於2024-06-29）.

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