蠅虎科
外觀
跳蛛科 化石時期:
| |
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Platycryptus undatus | |
科學分類 | |
界: | 動物界 Animalia |
門: | 節肢動物門 Arthropoda |
綱: | 蛛形綱 Arachnida |
目: | 蜘蛛目 Araneae |
亞目: | 背突蛛亞目 Opisthothelae |
下目: | 新蛛亞目 Araneomorphae |
總科: | 蠅虎總科 Salticoidea |
科: | 跳蛛科 Salticidae Blackwall, 1841 |
屬 | |
蠅虎科(學名:Salticidae)又名跳蛛科,或稱「虩」(讀音同「隙」),是蜘蛛目的一科,也是蠅虎總科的唯一科。
分類
[編輯]根據ITIS引用的2011年數據,本科之下有570個屬[1]。部分動物學家嘗試將這些屬分類,但結果絕大多數分類仍被歸入跳蛛亞科。
下列部分本科的屬[2]:
- 豹跳蛛屬 Aelurillus
- 暗跳蛛屬 Asemonea
- 亞蛛屬 Asianellus
- 艾圖蛛屬 Attulus Simon, 1889
- Attulus albolineatus (Kulczyński, 1895)
- Attulus ammophilus (Thorell, 1875)
- Attulus ansobicus (Andreeva, 1976)
- Attulus atricapillus (Simon, 1882)
- Attulus avocator (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1885)
- Attulus barsakelmes (Logunov & Rakov, 1998)
- Attulus burjaticus (Danilov & Logunov, 1994)
- Attulus caricis (Westring, 1861)
- Attulus cautus (G.W.Peckham & E.G.Peckham, 1888)
- Attulus clavator (Schenkel, 1936)
- Attulus croceus Logunov, 2023
- Attulus cutleri (Prószyński, 1980)
- Attulus damini (Chyzer, 1891)
- Attulus diductus (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1885)
- Attulus distinguendus (Simon, 1868)
- Attulus dubatolovi (Logunov & Rakov, 1998)
- Attulus dudkoi (Logunov, 1998)
- Attulus dzieduszyckii (L.Koch, 1870)
- Attulus eskovi (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1995)
- Attulus fasciger (Simon, 1880)
- Attulus finschi (L.Koch, 1879)
- Attulus floricola (C.L.Koch, 1837)
- Attulus godlewskii (Kulczyński, 1895)
- Attulus goricus (Ovtsharenko, 1978)
- Attulus hirokii Ono & Ogata, 2018
- Attulus inexpectus (Logunov & Kronestedt, 1997)
- Attulus inopinabilis (Logunov, 1992)
- Attulus japonicus (Kishida, 1910)
- Attulus karakumensis (Logunov, 1992)
- Attulus kazakhstanicus (Logunov, 1992)
- Attulus longipes (Canestrini, 1873)
- Attulus mirandus (Logunov, 1993)
- Attulus monstrabilis (Logunov, 1992)
- Attulus montanus (Kishida, 1910)
- Attulus nakamurae (Kishida, 1910)
- Attulus nangrahar Logunov, 2021
- Attulus nenilini (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1993)
- Attulus niger (Dyal, 1935)
- Attulus nitidus (Hu, 2001)
- Attulus niveosignatus (Simon, 1880)
- Attulus penicillatus (Simon, 1875)
- Attulus penicilloides (Wesołowska, 1981)
- Attulus pubescens (Fabricius, 1775)
- Attulus pulchellus (Logunov, 1992)
- Attulus pusio (Simon, 1871)
- Attulus relictarius (Logunov, 1998)
- Attulus rivalis (Simon, 1937)
- Attulus rupicola (C.L.Koch, 1837)
- Attulus saevus (Dönitz & Strand, 1906)
- Attulus saganus (Dönitz & Strand, 1906)
- Attulus saltator (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1868)
- Attulus sinensis (Schenkel, 1963)
- Attulus striatus (Emerton, 1911)
- Attulus subadultus (Dönitz & Strand, 1906)
- Attulus sylvestris (Emerton, 1891)
- Attulus talgarensis (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1993)
- Attulus tannuolana (Logunov, 1991)
- Attulus terebratus (Clerck, 1757)
- Attulus vilis (Kulczyński, 1895)
- Attulus zaisanicus (Logunov, 1998)
- Attulus zimmermanni (Simon, 1877)
- 巴希拉屬 Bagheera
- 巴韋蛛屬 Bavia
- 菱頭蛛屬 Bianor
- 貝塔蛛屬 Brettus
- 布氏蛛屬 Bristowia
- 緬蛛屬 Burmattus
- 貓跳蛛屬 Carrhotus
- 銅蛛屬 Chalcoscirtus
- 螯跳蛛屬 Cheliceroides
- 華蛛屬 Chinattus ,1 種
- 華斑蛛屬 Chinophrys
- 麗跳蛛屬 Chrysilla
- Clynotis Simon, 1901[3]
- Colopsus Simon, 1902[4]
- Colopsus arkavathi Caleb, 2022[5]
- Colopsus cancellatus Simon, 1902
- Colopsus cinereus Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2021
- Colopsus ferruginus Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2021
- Colopsus longipalpis (Żabka, 1985)
- Colopsus magnus Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2021
- Colopsus tenuesi Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2021
- 劍蛛屬 Colyttus
- 華美蛛屬 Corusca
- 雙管跳蛛屬 Cyrba
- 胞蛛屬 Cytaea 1 種
- 追蛛屬 Dendryphantes
- Diolenius Thorell, 1870
- Diolenius albopiceus Hogg, 1915
- Diolenius amplectens Thorell, 1881
- Diolenius angustipes Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius armatissimus Thorell, 1881
- Diolenius bicinctus Simon, 1884
- Diolenius decorus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius infulatus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius insignitus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius lineatus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius lugubris Thorell, 1881
- Diolenius minotaurus[6]
- Diolenius paradoxus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius phrynoides (Walckenaer, 1837)
- Diolenius redimiculatus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius sarmiensis Gardzińska & Patoleta, 2013
- Diolenius varicus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius virgatus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diplocanthopoda Abraham, 1925[3]
- Diplocanthopoda marina Abraham, 1925
- 右蛛屬 Dexippus 1 種
- Edwardsya Ruiz & Bustamante, 2016
- Edwardsya igapo Ruiz & Bustamante, 2016
- Edwardsya simoni (Taczanowski, 1871)[7]
- 艾普蛛屬 Epeus Peckham & Peckham,1886[8]
- 艷蛛屬 Epocilla
- 堯奇蛛屬 Euochin Prószynski, 2018
- 斑蛛屬 Euophrys C.L.Koch, 1834[3],侏斑蛛屬
- 尤波蛛屬 Eupoa Zabka, 1985
- 獵蛛屬 Evarcha Simon, 1902
- 羽蛛屬 Featheroides Peng, Yin, Xie & Kim, 1994
- 潛葉蛛屬 Foliabitus
- 格德蛛屬 Gedea
- 膠跳蛛屬 Gelotia
- Ghatippus Marathe & Maddison, 2024
- Ghatippus paschima Marathe & Maddison, 2024[9]
- 美蛛屬 Habrocestum Simon, 1876
- 苦役蛛屬 Hakka Berry & Prószynski, 2001
- 蟆蛛屬 Harmochirus ,哈莫蛛屬, 1 種
- 哈蛛屬 Hasarina
- 遜蠅虎屬 Hasarius ,蛤沙蛛屬
- 閃蛛屬 Heliophanus
- 蠅象屬 Hyllus
- 翹蛛屬 Irura Peckham et Peckham, 1901
- 蘭格蛛屬 Langerra
- 蘭戈納蛛屬 Langona
- 勞弗蛛屬 Laufeia Simon, 1889
- Laufeia aenea Simon, 1889
- Laufeia aerihirta (Urquhart, 1888)
- 版納勞弗蛛 Laufeia banna Wang & Li, 2021
- Laufeia concava Zhang & Maddison, 2012
- Laufeia eximia Zhang & Maddison, 2012
- Laufeia longapophysis Lei & Peng, 2012
- Laufeia sasakii Ikeda, 1998
- Laufeia sicus Wu & Yang, 2008
- Laufeia zhangae Wang & Li, 2022
- 萊奇蛛屬 Lechia Zabka, 1985
- 馬卡蛛屬 Macaroeris Wunderlich, 1992
- Macaroeris albosignata Schmidt & Krause, 1996
- Macaroeris asiatica Logunov & Rakov, 1998
- Macaroeris cata (Blackwall, 1867)
- Macaroeris desertensis Wunderlich, 1992
- Macaroeris diligens (Blackwall, 1867)
- Macaroeris flavicomis (Simon, 1885)
- Macaroeris litoralis Wunderlich, 1992
- Macaroeris moebi (Bösenberg, 1895)
- Macaroeris nidicolens (Walckenaer, 1802)
- 馬拉蛛屬 Maratus Karsch, 1878
- 馬倫戈蛛屬 Marengo Peckham & Peckham, 1892
- Marengo batheryensis Sudhin, Nafin, Benjamin & Sudhikumar, 2019
- Marengo crassipes G.W.Peckham & E.G.Peckham, 1892
- Marengo deelemanae Benjamin, 2004
- Marengo ganae Wang & Li, 2022
- Marengo inornata (Simon, 1900)
- Marengo nitida Simon, 1900
- Marengo rattotensis Benjamin, 2006
- Marengo sachintendulkar Malamel, Prajapati, Sudhikumar & Sebastian, 2019
- Marengo striatipes Simon, 1900
- 唐氏馬倫戈蛛 Marengo tangi Wang & Li, 2021
- Marengo zebra Sudhin, Nafin, Benjamin & Sudhikumar, 2019
- Marengo zhengi Wang & Li, 2022
- 蠅獅屬 Marpissa Koch, 1846[3][10]
- 杯蛛屬 Meata
- 蒙蛛屬 Mendoza Peckham & Peckham, 1894
- Mendoza canestrinii (Ninni, 1868)
- Mendoza dersuuzalai (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1992)
- Mendoza elongata (Karsch, 1879)
- Mendoza ibarakiensis (Bohdanowicz & Prószyński, 1987)
- Mendoza nobilis (Grube, 1861)
- Mendoza pulchra (Prószyński, 1981)
- Mendoza ryukyuensis Baba, 2007
- Mendoza suguroi Baba, 2013
- Mendoza zebra (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1992)
- 扁蠅虎屬 Menemerus Simon, 1869
- 微菱頭蛛屬 Microbianor Logunov, 2000
- Microbianor deltshevi Logunov, 2009
- 台灣微菱頭蛛 Microbianor formosana Chen, Lin & Ueng, 2021
- Microbianor furcatus Haddad & Wesołowska, 2013
- Microbianor globosus Haddad & Wesołowska, 2011
- Microbianor golovatchi Logunov, 2000
- Microbianor madagascarensis Logunov, 2009
- Microbianor nigritarsus Logunov, 2000
- Microbianor saaristoi Logunov, 2000
- Microbianor simplex Wesołowska & Haddad, 2018
- 摩擋蛛屬 Modunda
- 莫魯蛛屬 Mogrus
- 蟻蛛屬 Myrmarachne Macleay, 1839
- 楠伊蛛屬 Nandicius Prószynski, 2016
- Nandicius cambridgei (Prószyński & Zochowska, 1981)
- Nandicius deletus (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1885)
- Nandicius frigidus (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1885)
- Nandicius kimjoopili (Kim, 1995)
- Nandicius kuankuoshuiensis Wang, Mi, Irfan & Peng, 2019
- Nandicius mussooriensis (Prószyński, 1992)
- 普氏楠伊蛛 Nandicius proszynskii Wang & Li, 2021
- Nandicius pseudoicioides (Caporiacco, 1935)
- Nandicius shihaitaoi Wang & Li, 2023
- Nandicius szechuanensis (Logunov, 1995)
- Nandicius vallisflorum Caleb, Sajan & Kumar, 2018
- Nandicius woongilensis Kim & Lee, 2016
- 衛跳蛛屬 Necatia Özdikmen, 2007
- Necatia magnidens (Schenkel, 1963)
- 新貝塔蛛屬 Neobrettus Wanless, 1984
- 新跳蛛屬 Neon Simon, 1876,2種
- 蝶蛛屬 Nungia
- 脊跳蛛屬 Ocrisiona
- 奧諾瑪蛛屬 Onomastus Simon, 1900
- Onomastus chenae Lin & Li, 2020
- Onomastus complexipalpis Wanless, 1980
- Onomastus corbetensis Benjamin & Kanesharatnam, 2016
- Onomastus danum Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2013
- Onomastus indra Benjamin, 2010
- Onomastus jamestaylori Benjamin & Kanesharatnam, 2016[11]
- Onomastus kaharian Benjamin, 2010
- Onomastus kanoi Ono, 1995
- Onomastus maskeliya Benjamin & Kanesharatnam, 2016
- Onomastus nigricaudus Simon, 1900
- Onomastus nigrimaculatus Zhang & Li, 2005
- Onomastus patellaris Simon, 1900
- Onomastus pethiyagodai Benjamin, 2010
- Onomastus quinquenotatus Simon, 1900
- Onomastus rattotensis Benjamin, 2010
- Onomastus simoni Żabka, 1985
- 近晨奧諾瑪蛛 Onomastus subchenae C.Wang, W.H.Wang & Peng, 2021
- 奧爾蛛屬 Orcevia
- 盤蛛屬 Pancorius ,3 種
- 小蠅狼屬 Parvattus
- 蠅犬蛛屬 Pellenes Simon, 1876[3]
- 昏蛛屬 Phaeacius Simon, 1900
- 蠅狼屬 Philaeus
- 黑條蠅虎屬 Phintella Strand in Bosenberg et Strand, 1906,金蟬蛛屬
- 類金蟬蛛屬 Phintelloides Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
- Phintelloides alborea Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
- Phintelloides brunne Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
- Phintelloides flavoviri Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
- Phintelloides flavumi Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
- Phintelloides jesudasi (Caleb & Mathai, 2014)
- Phintelloides manipur Caleb, 2020
- Phintelloides orbisa Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
- 彭氏類金蟬蛛 Phintelloides pengi Wang & Li, 2021
- Phintelloides singhi (Monga, Singh & Sadana, 1989)
- Phintelloides undulatus (Caleb & Karthikeyani, 2015)
- Phintelloides versicolor (C.L.Koch, 1846)
- 俳蛛屬 Phlegra Simon, 1876[3],緋蛛屬
- 擬蠅虎蛛 Plexippoides Proszyniski, 1976
- 條斑蠅虎屬 Plexippus C.L.Koch, 1846,蠅虎屬,2種
- 頗克蛛屬 Poecilorchestes Simon, 1901
- Poecilorchestes decoratus Simon, 1901
- Poecilorchestes logunovi Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2013
- 鄭氏頗克蛛 Poecilorchestes zhengi Wang & Li, 2021
- 孔蛛屬 Portia Karsch[12]
- 偽斑蛛屬 Pseudeuophrys Dahl, 1912[3]
- 擬伊蛛屬 Pseudicius Simon, 1885
- 兜蠅虎屬 Ptocasius Simon, 1885,兜跳蛛屬,1種
- 寬胸蠅虎屬 Rhene Thorell, 1869,1種
- 跳蛛屬 Salticus [3]
- 西菱頭蛛 Sibianor
- 翠蛛屬 Siler Simon, 1889
- 西瑪蛛屬 Simaetha Thorell, 1881
- Simaetha almadenensis Żabka, 1994
- Simaetha atypica Żabka, 1994
- Simaetha broomei Żabka, 1994
- 陳氏西瑪蛛 Simaetha cheni Wang & Li, 2021
- Simaetha cingulata (Karsch, 1892)
- Simaetha colemani Żabka, 1994
- Simaetha damongpalaya Barrion & Litsinger, 1995
- Simaetha deelemanae Zhang, Song & Li, 2003
- Simaetha furiosa (Hogg, 1919)
- Simaetha gongi Peng, Gong & Kim, 2000
- Simaetha huigang Wang & Li, 2022
- Simaetha knowlesi Żabka, 1994
- Simaetha laminata (Karsch, 1892)
- Simaetha makinanga Barrion & Litsinger, 1995
- Simaetha menglun Wang & Li, 2020
- Simaetha paetula (Keyserling, 1882)
- Simaetha papuana Żabka, 1994
- Simaetha pengi Wang & Li, 2020
- Simaetha reducta (Karsch, 1892)
- Simaetha robustior (Keyserling, 1882)
- Simaetha tenuidens (Keyserling, 1882)
- Simaetha tenuior (Keyserling, 1882)
- Simaetha thoracica Thorell, 1881
- 華島蛛屬 Sinoinsula
- 褐蠅虎屬 Sitticus Simon, 1901[3],躍蛛屬
- Sparbambus Zhang, Woon & Li, 2006
- Sparbambus gombakensis Zhang, Woon & Li, 2006
- Sparbambus sindhudurg Kadam & Tripathi[13]
- 雀躍蛛屬 Spartaeus Thorell:又名散蛛屬[12]
- 斯坦蛛屬 Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886
- 似蟻蛛屬 Synageles Simon, 1876[3]
- 合跳蛛屬 Synagelides Strand in Bosenberg etStran,合蠅虎屬,2種
- 憐蛛屬 Talavera Peckham & Peckham, 1909
- 塔沙蛛屬 Tasa Wesolowska, 1981
- 牛蛛屬 Tauala Wanless, 1988,1種
- 紐蛛屬 Telamonia Thorell, 1887,1種
- 方胸蛛屬 Thiania ,1種
- 莎茵蛛屬 Thyene Simon, 1885
- 莎紐納蛛屬 Thyenula Simon, 1902
- 維利蛛屬 Vailimia
- 沃蛛屬 Wanlessia ,1種
- 雅蛛屬 Yaginumaella Proszynski, 1976
- 後雅蛛屬 Yaginumanis ,1種
- 樹跳蛛屬 Yllenus
- 斑馬蛛屬 Zebraplatys ,1種
- 長腹蠅虎屬 Zeuxippus
特徵
[編輯]在全球廣泛分佈,中國廣東粵東地區常見為灰色,背面有黑色斑紋,全身絨毛。腳上的毛可以讓他在光滑表面上移動。
跳蛛體型較小,最小的只有約一毫米,類似螞蟻,頭部較大,有8隻單眼,環視能力絕佳,又因中間的兩主眼視力發達,並善於跳躍,亦稱跳蛛。
蠅虎蜘蛛頭胸部比起其他科是方形的。(見圖一。)頭胸部上的八個眼睛,其中兩個平常比別的都大,可以對焦觀察週遭事物。(見圖二。)
-
圖一
-
圖二
-
Phidippus whitmani
-
正在捕食蒼蠅的Salticus scenicus
-
Phidippus audax
-
Phidippus workmani
-
Paraphidippus aurantius
-
ant mimic spider
習性
[編輯]看到獵物時,先逐步靠近,潛近再跳到獵物身上。因其捕獵物的方式,及主要以蒼蠅蚊子等小蟲為食,俗稱蒼蠅虎[14]。跳蛛的習性一般是不織網,但能吐絲,因從樹上、牆壁等高處摔下危險,預備跳下時先黏上一根絲,就像爬山者用岩釘及繩子防止墜落,是其特色。
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Salticidae. ITIS. 2011 [2018-12-01].
- ^ Salticidae 蠅虎科 28 屬 46 種. TaiBIF. [2018-12-01]. (原始內容存檔於2020-06-11) (中文(繁體)).
- ^ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 Cuvelier, Daphne. Salticidae. WoRMS. 2005-04-04 [2018-12-01].
- ^ Simon, Eugène. 1902. Etudes arachnologiques. 31e Mémoire. LI. Descriptions d'espèces nouvelles de la famille des Salticidae (suite). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 71: 389–421.
- ^ John T.D. Caleb, Y.T. Lohit, A.P.C. Abhijith and Soosaimanickam Maria Packiam. 2022. A New Species and New Synonym in the Genus Colopsus Simon, 1902 (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) from India. Arthropoda Selecta. 31(4); 470–476. DOI: 10.15298/arthsel.31.4.07
- ^ F.R. Wanless & Y.D. Lubin (1986) Diolenius minotaurus sp. nov., a remarkable horned jumping spider from Papua New Guinea (Araneae: Salticidae), Journal of Natural History, 20:5, 1211-1220, DOI: 10.1080/00222938600770801
- ^ Gustavo R. S. Ruiz and Abel Bustamante. 2016. Edwardsya, A New Genus of Jumping Spiders from South America (Araneae: Salticidae: Freyina). Zootaxa. 4184(1); 117–129. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4184.1.7
- ^ 何秉妍, 陳卓爾, 徐湘, 銀海強. 湖南崀山国家地质公园蜘蛛区系研究(蛛形纲:蜘蛛目). 四川動物, 2018, 37(3): 331-342. [2019-10-29]. (原始內容存檔於2019-10-29).
- ^ Kiran Marathe, Wayne P. Maddison and Krushnamegh Kunte. 2024. Ghatippus paschima, A New Species and Genus of plexippine Jumping Spider from the Western Ghats of India (Salticidae, Plexippini, Plexippina). ZooKeys. 1191: 89-103. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1191.114117
- ^ 纵条蝇狮 Marpissa magister. 中國國家數字動物博物館. [2018-12-02]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-07) (中文(簡體)).
- ^ Benjamin, Suresh P. and Nilani Kanesharatnam. 2016. Description of Three New Species of the Tropical Asian Jumping Spider Genus Onomastus Simon, 1900 from High Altitude Cloud Forests of Sri Lanka (Araneae: Salticidae). Zootaxa. 4205(5); 431–453. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4205.5.2
- ^ 12.0 12.1 朱明生; 楊自忠; 張志升. 中国跳蛛科1新种和1新纪录种(蛛形纲:蜘蛛目). 《河北大學學報:自然科學版》: 511–7. [2018-12-01]. (原始內容存檔於2020-06-11) (英語).
- ^ Rishikesh Tripathi, Gautam Kadam, Theresa Joy Asha and Ambalaparambil Vasu Sudhikumar. 2023. First Record of Sparbambus Zhang, Woon & Li, 2006 from India, with Description of A New Species (Araneae: Salticidae). Zootaxa. 5352(3); 447-450. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5352.3.10
- ^ 家中這種常見的小蜘蛛別殺 專門幫你吃討厭的壞蟲. 中國時報. 2016-04-29 [2023-01-01]. (原始內容存檔於2023-01-01).
延伸閱讀
[編輯][在維基數據編輯]