使用者:Min968/List of Ming dynasty era names
The Ming dynasty was the last unified dynasty founded by the Han ethnic group in Chinese history, lasting for 276 years.[1] The dynasty continued the tradition of using the emperor's era name, which began with Emperor Wu of Han, to record the year. In total, there were 17 era names used. The first era name, Hongwu, was inaugurated by Zhu Yuanzhang in 1368, while the last era name, Chongzhen, was suspended after the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself in Meishan during the Jiashen Incident. The longest era name in use was Wanli, lasting approximately 47 years and 7 months, while the shortest was Taichang, which succeeded Wanli for only about 5 months.[2]
After the Jiashen Incident, the Ming imperial clan established the Southern Ming regimes in the Jiangnan area. However, these regimes were eventually eradicated after the capture and killing of Zhu Youlang. The Kingdom of Tungning, which supported the Ming dynasty's political legitimacy (Template:Zhi; fengzhengshuo), eventually surrendered to the Qing dynasty.[3] The Southern Ming used a total of three era names,[4] which are listed below.
Before the Ming dynasty, most emperors used multiple era names during their reigns. However, during the Hongwu Emperor's reign, a "one reign, one era name" (Template:Zhi) system was adopted, leading to the use of only one era name by later emperors.[5] This resulted in the era name being commonly used to refer to the emperor himself among the people.[6] There were some exceptions, such as Emperor Yingzong who used two era names.[2] The Ming dynasty era name remained relatively unchanged and was typically used for a longer period of time.[7] The change of era usually occurred in the year following a new emperor's ascension to the throne, but there were a few instances of special circumstances. For example, after Zhu Di's successful Jingnan campaign in 1402, the era name Jianwen was abolished and replaced with the era name Hongwu.[8][9][10] In 1457, after the Duomen Coup (Template:Zhi), Emperor Yongzong was restored to the throne and the era was changed to Tianshun that year.[11] There were also cases where two edicts to change the era were issued in the same year. For example, when the Wanli Emperor died in 1620, the Taichang Emperor ascended to the throne. It was planned to use the era name Taichang the following year (1621), but the Taichang Emperor also died in the same year. The newly enthroned Tianqi Emperor sought the opinions of his ministers and ultimately used the Taichang era name for that year, before changing it to the era name Tianqi the following year.[12] During the Ming dynasty, many of the era names were repeated from the previous dynasties, including era names used by peasant rebellion armies,[a] which became a source of jokes until the end of the dynasty.[13][14][15]
Even outer vassals like Joseon and the Ryukyu Kingdom adopted the Ming dynasty era name. However, after being forced to submit to the Qing dynasty in 1637, Joseon publicly used the Qing era name but secretly continued to use the era name Chongzhen as a way to show their respect for the Ming and opposition to the Qing.[16]
The interpretations of the Ming emperor's era names were not well-documented in official announcements,[17] but Feng Tianyu's (Template:Zhi) interpretation in Ming Qing nianhao tanwei (Template:Zhi) is referenced here. The period of use for each era name is based on the History of Ming, compiled by Zhang Tingyu, and Nanjiang yishi (Template:Zhi) written by Wen Ruilin (Template:Zhi).
List
[編輯]| Era name | Start date | End date | Length of use | Emperor | Meaning | Derived from | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hongwu Template:Zhi |
23 January 1368
Datong calendar
|
5 February 1399
Datong calendar
|
30 years, 12 months and 27 days |
Hongwu Emperor | Vastly Martial | None | [18][19][17][20] |
| Jianwen Template:Zhi |
6 February 1399
Datong calendar
|
29 July 1402
Datong calendar
|
3 years and 6 months |
Jianwen Emperor | Establishing Civility | [18][19][17][21][9] | |
| Hongwu Template:Zhi |
30 July 1402
Datong calendar
|
22 January 1403
Datong calendar
|
6 months | Hongwu Emperor (Yongle Emperor) |
(Ibid.) | [17][8][9] | |
| Yongle Template:Zhi |
23 January 1403
Datong calendar
|
19 January 1425
Datong calendar
|
22 years | Yongle Emperor | Perpetual Happiness | [22][19][17][23][9] | |
| Hongxi Template:Zhi |
20 January 1425
Datong calendar
|
7 February 1426
Datong calendar
|
1 year | Hongxi Emperor | Vastly Bright | [22][19][17][24] | |
| Xuande Template:Zhi |
8 February 1426
Datong calendar
|
17 January 1436
Datong calendar
|
10 years | Xuande Emperor | Proclamation of Virtue | [22][25][17][26] | |
| Zhengtong Template:Zhi |
18 January 1436
Datong calendar
|
13 January 1450
Datong calendar
|
14 years | Emperor Yingzong | Right Governance | [22][25][4][27] | |
| Jingtai Template:Zhi |
14 January 1450
Datong calendar
|
14 February 1457
Datong calendar
|
7 years and 20 days |
Jingtai Emperor | Exalted View | [22][25][4][28] | |
| Tianshun Template:Zhi |
15 February 1457
Datong calendar
|
26 January 1465
Datong calendar
|
7 years, 11 months and 9 days |
Emperor Yingzong | Obedience to Heaven | [29][25][4][30] | |
| Chenghua Template:Zhi |
27 January 1465
Datong calendar
|
13 January 1488
Datong calendar
|
23 years | Chenghua Emperor | Accomplished Change |
|
[29][25][4][32] |
| Hongzhi Template:Zhi |
14 January 1488
Datong calendar
|
23 January 1506
Datong calendar
|
18 years | Hongzhi Emperor | Great Governance | None | [29][25][4][33] |
| Zhengde Template:Zhi |
24 January 1506
Datong calendar
|
27 January 1522
Datong calendar
|
16 years | Zhengde Emperor | Right Virtue, or Rectification of Virtue |
The era name Zhengde has two origin texts
|
[29][25][4][36] |
| Jiajing Template:Zhi |
28 January 1522
Datong calendar
|
8 February 1567
Datong calendar
|
45 years | Jiajing Emperor | Admirable Tranquility |
|
[29][25][4][38] |
| Longqing Template:Zhi |
9 February 1567
Datong calendar
|
1 February 1573
Datong calendar
|
6 years | Longqing Emperor | Great Celebration | None | [39][25][4][40] |
| Wanli Template:Zhi |
2 February 1573
Datong calendar
|
27 August 1620
Datong calendar
|
47 years and 7 months |
Wanli Emperor | Ten Thousand Calendars | [39][25][4][41] | |
| Taichang Template:Zhi |
28 August 1620
Datong calendar
|
21 January 1621
Datong calendar
|
5 months | Taichang Emperor (Tianqi Emperor) |
Grand Prosperity | [39][25][4][42] | |
| Tianqi Template:Zhi |
22 January 1621
Datong calendar
|
4 February 1628
Datong calendar
|
7 years | Tianqi Emperor | Heavenly Opening |
|
[39][25][4][44][45] |
| Chongzhen Template:Zhi |
5 February 1628
Datong calendar
|
25 April 1644
Datong calendar
|
16 years, 2 months and 19 days |
Chongzhen Emperor | Honorable and Auspicious | None | [39][25][4][46] |
Notes
[編輯]- ^ For example, the era name Yongle was used by both Zhang Yuxian during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period and Fang La during the late Northern Song dynasty. Similarly, the era name Tianshun was used by both the Red Coat Army (紅襖軍) during the late Jin dynasty and the Tianshun Emperor of the Yuan dynasty, and the era name Zhengde was used by the Western Xia dynasty, etc.
References
[編輯]Citations
[編輯]- ^ Xu (2000)，第298–300頁.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Feng (2016)，第25, 26頁.
- ^ Nan & Tang (2014)，第1201–1314頁.
- ^ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 Feng (2016)，第26頁.
- ^ Jiyan，vol. 1.
- ^ Wang (2016)，第115頁.
- ^ Wang (2016)，第116頁.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Zhang (1739)，vol. 5.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Taizong Shilu，vol. 9b.
- ^ Wang & Guan (2019)，第84頁.
- ^ Zhang (1739)，vol. 12.
- ^ Wang, Xiaohu. 大明泰昌元年大统历考 (PDF). Shanghai: Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University. April 2002 [1 July 2022]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於24 October 2021）.
- ^ Shen (1619)，vol. 1.
- ^ Jishi jiwen，vol. 1.
- ^ Zhuozhong zhi，vol. 22.
- ^ Sun, Weiguo. 從正朔看朝鮮王朝尊明反清的正統意識 [Pro-Ming/Anti-Qing Sentiment and the Question of Legitimacy: Choson Korea's Use of Ming Reign Titles]. [1 July 2022]. （原始內容存檔於1 July 2022）.
- ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 Feng (2016)，第25頁.
- ^ 18.0 18.1 Li (2004)，第205頁.
- ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Liu (2014)，第94頁.
- ^ Zhang (1739)，vols. 2, 4.
- ^ Zhang (1739)，vols. 4, 5.
- ^ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Li (2004)，第206頁.
- ^ Zhang (1739)，vols. 5, 8.
- ^ Zhang (1739)，vols. 8, 9.
- ^ 25.00 25.01 25.02 25.03 25.04 25.05 25.06 25.07 25.08 25.09 25.10 25.11 25.12 Liu (2014)，第95頁.
- ^ Zhang (1739)，vols. 9, 10.
- ^ Zhang (1739)，vols. 10, 11.
- ^ Zhang (1739)，vols. 11, 12.
- ^ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 Li (2004)，第207頁.
- ^ Zhang (1739)，vols. 12, 13.
- ^ Wenzi，vol. 1, Daoyuan.
- ^ Zhang (1739)，vols. 13, 15.
- ^ Zhang (1739)，vols. 15, 16.
- ^ Shangshu，Counsels of Great Yu.
- ^ Shangshu zhengyi，vol. 4, Counsels of Great Yu.
- ^ Zhang (1739)，vols. 16, 17.
- ^ Shangshu，Against Luxurious Ease.
- ^ Zhang (1739)，vols. 17, 19.
- ^ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 Li (2004)，第208頁.
- ^ Zhang (1739)，vols. 19, 20.
- ^ Zhang (1739)，vols. 20, 21, 22.
- ^ Zhang (1739)，vols. 21, 22.
- ^ Chunqiu Zuozhuan zhengyi，vol 10, Duke Min.
- ^ Mote & Twitchett (1988)，第595頁.
- ^ Zhang (1739)，vols. 22, 23.
- ^ Zhang (1739)，vols. 23, 24.
Sources
[編輯]- In Chinese
- Wenzi 文子 [Master Wen].
- Shangshu 尚書 [Book of Documents].
- Kong, Yingda. Shangshu zhengyi 尚書正義 [Correct Interpretation of the Book of Documents].
- Kong, Yingda. Chunqiu Zuozhuan zhengyi 春秋左傳正義.
- Zheng, Xiao. Jinyan 今言 [Actual words, arranged thematically].
- Taizong Shilu 太宗實錄 [Veritable Records of Emperor Taizong]. n.d.
- Zhang, Tingyu. Ming Shi 明史 [History of Ming]. 1739.
- Shen, Defu. Wanli yehuo bian 萬曆野獲編 [Compilation of Wanli era catastrophes]. 1619.
- Chen, Hongmo. Jishi jiwen 繼世紀聞.
- Liu, Ruoyu. Zhuozhong zhi 酌中志 [An Enlightening Account of Life in the Imperial Palace].
- Wen, Junlin. Nanjiang yishi 南疆繹史 [Unravelled history of the southern borderlands].
- Nansha sanyu shi. Nanming yeshi 南明野史 [Unofficial history of the Southern Ming dynasty].
- Li, Zhaoluo. Lidai jiyuan bian 歷代紀元編. Chung Hwa Book. March 1970.
- Ding, Fubao. Lidai guqian tushuo 歷代古錢圖說. Shanghai People's Press. February 1992. ISBN 7-5004-1011-5.
- Li, Chongzhi. Zhongguo lidai nianhao kao 中國歷代年號考 Revised. Beijing: Zhonghua Book. December 2004. ISBN 7101025129.
- Yingqiu, Liu. 中國帝王年號的語言文化研究——兼論日、朝、越年號特點 (Master's論文). Guangxi University. June 2014.
- Feng, Tianyu. Ming Qing nianhao tanwei 明清年号探微 [Research on the Reign Title of Ming and Qing Dynasties] (PDF). Wuhan University Journal. 2016, 69 (3): 25–26 [10 October 2021]. doi:10.14086/j.cnki.wujhs.2016.03.005. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於25 June 2020）.
- Wang, Qi. 年号：你应该知道的历史常识 文史雜誌2016年第3期. Sichuan Wenshi Research Hall. June 2016.
- Qi, Jun. 中国古代王朝和政权名号探源. Wuchang: Huazhong Normal University Publishing House. 2000. ISBN 978-7-5622-2277-4.
- Nan, Bingwen; Tang, Gang. 第二十二章 南明政权及农民军余部的拥明抗清. 中国断代史·明史. Shanghai People's Press. 2014. ISBN 978-7-208-12480-6.
- Wang, Xiaohu; Guan, Zengjian. 明代建文年号的“革除”与未革之说再辨析. Shanghai: Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University. June 2019.
- In English
- Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis C. The Cambridge History of China Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1988. ISBN 0521243327.
External links
[編輯]- Liu, Yuk Tung. Chinese Calendar – Western Calendar Conversion Table (1368 – 1644, 1645 – 1683). [1 July 2022]. （原始內容存檔於29 June 2022）.