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使用者:Ngguls/伊拉克庫爾德斯坦－以色列關係

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伊拉克庫爾德斯坦－以色列關係
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以色列
伊拉克庫爾德斯坦

伊拉克庫爾德斯坦－以色列關係是指伊拉克庫爾德斯坦與以色列國之間的關係。以色列是西亞的一個以猶太民族為主體的國家，而伊拉克庫爾德斯坦則是伊拉克共和國境內一個由庫爾德人實施事實自治的自治區。猶太人和庫爾德人都是中東地區的少數民族，長期以來遭到其所在國家政權的歧視和迫害，雙方的遭遇和境地相似，存在廣泛的共同利益，因此長期以來互相同情並相互支持[1]。儘管伊拉克庫爾德斯坦至今未與以色列建立正式的關係，但雙方在政治及商業方面互動頗多。伊朗和敘利亞阿薩德政府長期對以色列與伊拉克庫爾德斯坦的關係加以指責[2]，而伊拉克庫爾德斯坦前領導人馬蘇德·巴爾扎尼在2005稱：「我們與以色列發展關係不是什麼罪行，如果巴格達與以色列建立外交關係，我們可以讓以色列在埃爾比勒開設領事館。」[3]在2017年的伊拉克庫爾德斯坦獨立公投中，以色列為中東地區唯一明確表態支持庫爾德獨立的國家。

歷史背景

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庫爾德猶太人的歷史

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Based on these relations, the Jews of Kurdistan（英語：History of the Jews in Kurdistan） lived freely alongside Muslims and Christians for generations in relative security. Those that immigrated to Israel would reminisce about the positive experiences they and their fathers and forefathers had in the tribal Kurdish society. Without these roots, the state of Israel would have never been able to connect sincerely with the Kurdish leadership, which was mostly tribal.[4]

現代的庫爾德猶太人

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The Sufi Shaikh（英語：Sheikh (Sufism)）s of the 納克什班迪教團 from the Barzani family（英語：Barzani Kurds） were among the most respected and influential in Kurdistan.[5] The family became an influential tribe that played an important role in the Kurdish national movement. Wigram[誰？] noted that the Shaikh of Barzān was "a merciful over-lord," noted for his fair treatment of his followers. The leaders of this particular Naqshbandi family, during the first half of the 20th century, notably Shaikh Ahmad and Mustafa Barzani, had "special relationships with the Kurdish Jews under their patronage."

Zaken also provides details on the good relations between the Khawaja Khinno patriarchs and the Barzanis, which, reportedly, the authorities wished to use. In one case the Turkish authorities asked the Jewish merchant Eliyahu Khawaja Khinno from Aqrah（英語：Aqrah） to mediate between them and Shaikh Abd al-Salam Barzani, who was an insurgent tribal leader. In the second account, it was the British authorities who wanted to use the good trust between the Barzanis and the Jewish leaders of Aqrah.[4]

Another account that symbolizes the trust between the tribal heads of Barzanis and the Jews of Aqra, takes place in 1944, when Mullā Mustafā concluded a tribal pact with the heads of the Zībarī tribe, in order to reinforce his leadership among the Kurdish tribes. To seal this pact with a marriage contract, Mullā Mustafā and Shaikh Ahmad were to marry daughters of the Zībarī tribal leaders. According to members of Khawaja Khinno family, in 1944, Mullā Mustafā was about to depart from Aqraj and Both David and Yitzhak Khawaja Khinno, accompanied him to say farewell. Before his departure, at the courtyard in front of the police station of Aqra, he distanced himself from the crowd and consulted with the two brothers. Mullā Mustafā told David: "Hājjī Qādir Agha [Zībarī] spoke with me about marrying his sister and Shaikh Mahmūd Agha [Zībarī] spoke with me about marrying his daughter... What do you think?" David Khawaja Khinno told him: "I suggest that the sister of Hājjī Qādir Agha be given to Shaikh Ahmad and you should take the daughter of Mahmud Agha." Mullā Mustafā Barzani told him: "well, in that case, would you prepare gold [jewelry] for her?"[4]

In 1944, when Eliyahu Khawaja Khinno died, Mullā Mustafā came in person to Aqrah to pay his condolences. This memorable visit demonstrates, in the eyes of the Jewish residents of Aqrah, the special bond between the two families. To the amazement of the Kurds of Aqrah, Barzani visited them first, before he visited important 謝赫 (稱號)s such as Abd al-Wahhāb and Mustafā Mullā Jibrā』īl. During this visit, David Khawaja Khinno honored Barzani with a golden dagger, decorated with three gold buttons, and a pistol. According to Aryeh Gabbai, Barzānī told them: 「I am taking the dagger but not the pistol, which you may need. We have [enough] weapons.」 On the same occasion, in front of the tribal chiefs who accompanied him, Mullā Mustafā emphasized the bond that existed with the Khawaja Khinno family, and the need to continue to protect the family which was dear to him:

"You know very well that this family is dear to me... We are regarded one family, in spite of our different religions. I do not want any harm to happen to them. One sentence that seemed to capture the essence of this unique visit among the Jews was: 「We felt very unique, [we did] not [feel] the usual feeling [of inferiority] that Jews would feel towards the Muslims, fearing that some harm may come to us.」

The special relations between the Barzani tribal chiefs and the patriarchs of the family of Khawaja Khinno continued even after the exodus of Mustafa Barzani to 俄羅斯 in 1947 and the mass migration of the Jews to the State of Israel from 1951 to 1952. Following the collapse of the 馬哈巴德共和國 at the end of 1946, Mustafa Barzani went into exile in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. His wife and son, returned to Iraq.

During World War II and especially at the end of the British Mandate of Palestine in 1947, a drastic reduction in the Jewish population of Iraq began, affecting also the Jews inhabiting the northern Kurdish-dominated regions. In 1950, Iraqi Jews (including Baghdadi, Kurdish and other Jews of Iraq) were given permission to leave within one year, on condition that they renounce their Iraqi citizenship. One year later the Jews who left had their property frozen. Jews who had chosen to stay in Iraq had economic restrictions placed on them. The Jews of the Kurdish regions evacuated entirely, all coming to Israel.

In response to intense international pressure in the early 1970s, Iraq caved in and allowed whatever Jews still remained there to leave. As of 2004 about 35 Jews were still living in Baghdad, but by 2008 that number declined to less than 10.[6]

Since the mid-20th century the population of the Jews in northern Iraq, specifically in Kurdistan, was hence decimated. However, there are signs that there are some "hidden Jews" still residing in Kurdish areas and some came back from Israel to stay.[7]

These were the foundations upon which, during the 1960s and 1970s, the Israeli government established relations with the Barzani chieftain, Mulla Mustafa Barzani, who had become the most important leader of the Kurds.

以色列於二十世紀六七十年代對庫民黨的支持

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伊拉克復興黨執政後，對境內的猶太人和庫爾德人進行壓制與迫害，以色列於是積極同伊拉克庫爾德人聯繫。以色列向庫爾德人提供大量援助，而庫爾德人則幫助遭薩達姆政府迫害的猶太人轉移[1]。

According to Eliezer Tsafrir, a former senior Mossad official, in 1963–1975[8] Israel had military advisers at the headquarters of Mulla 穆斯托伐·巴爾札尼, and trained and supplied the Kurdish units with firearms and field and anti-aircraft artillery.[9]

Political relations

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Jewish organizations worldwide started lobbying campaigns to aid the Kurds in Iraqi Kurdistan during the 海灣戰爭 to stop the Iraqi government's persecutions.[10] Israel also provided, through Turkey Kurdistan, first aid items to Iraqi Kurdistan, and Israeli Prime Minister 伊扎克·沙米爾, during a meeting with US Secretary of State 詹姆斯·貝克 called on the American government to defend the Kurds.[11]

Israeli media（英語：Israeli media） in 2004 reported about the meetings of Israeli officials with Kurdish political leaders when 馬蘇德·巴爾扎尼, 賈拉勒·塔拉巴尼 and the former Israeli Prime Minister 阿里埃勒·沙龍 publicly confirmed the good relations with the Iraqi Kurdistan region.[12]

The president of the Iraqi Kurdistan, Massoud Barzani, answered a question while visiting 科威特 in May 2006 about the Kurdish–Israeli relationship: "It is not a crime to have relations with Israel. If Baghdad established diplomatic relations with Israel, we could open a consulate in Erbil." Israeli television has in the past broadcast photographs from the 1960s showing Massoud Barzani's father, Mustafa Barzani, embracing the then Israeli defense minister 摩西·達揚.[13]

In a policy address in 2014, Israeli prime minister 本雅明·內塔尼亞胡 supported the establishment of an independent Kurdish state. He claimed that: "The Kurds are a fighting people that have proven political commitment and political moderation, and they're also worthy of their own political independence."[14]

According to recent reports, there are between 400–730 Jewish families living in the 伊拉克庫爾德斯坦. On 18 October 2015, the Kurdistan Regional Government（英語：Kurdistan Regional Government） named Sherzad Omar Mamsani, a Kurdish Jew, as the Jewish representative of the Ministry of Endowment and Religious Affairs.[15]

Israel became the first state to support the independence of Iraqi Kurdistan, however it has not recognise it as an independent state.[16]

Military relations

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In 2004, it was reported by the New Yorker magazine, that allegedly Israeli military and intelligence operatives are active in Kurdish areas of Iran, Syria and Iraq, providing training for commando units and running covert operations.[17] In response, Israel's embassy in Washington denied the claim, which was sourced in the magazine mainly to an unnamed former and current intelligence officials in Israel, the US and Turkey.[17]

According to 2006 BBC report, there was evidence that Israeli experts were dispatched to Iraqi Kurdistan to provide training to Peshmerga.[18] Kurdish officials refused to comment on the report and Israel denied it knows of any involvement.

Humanitarian aid

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Israeli aid during the 2010s

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In September 2014, following an ISIS offensive in North Iraq, the Israeli NGO agency IsraAid announced to provide urgent assistance to Christians and Yezidis in Iraqi Kurdistan, together with the American Jewish Committee.[19] In October 2014, IsraAID agency provided humanitarian supplies to refugees within the Kurdish region of Iraq, fleeing the ISIL terror campaign.[20] The IsraAid provided supplies to 1,000 families in Dohuk towards the winter, including beds, baby milk and blankets.[20] The IsraAid assistance was provided in collaboration with the Canadian ONEXONE agency and was coordinated with the KRG（英語：Kurdistan Regional Government）.[20] IsraAID's Founding Director Shahar Zahavi told Arutz Sheva that the Israeli team were warmly received by the Kurdish residents of the camp.[20] By early 2015, IsraAid trucks provided 3,000 items to Dohuk in Iraqi Kurdistan, helping Christian and Yezidi refugees.[21]

Role of Kurdish Jews in Israel

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主條目：Kurdish Jews in Israel

Jewish immigration from Ottoman Empire to the 以色列地 (then 沙姆省 and Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem（英語：Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem）) began in the 16th century,[需要解釋] with the first Jewish immigrants from Kurdistan settling in 采法特. Kurdish Jewish immigrants later on in the 20th century arrived in the 1920s and 1930s, and by the year 1948 there were some 8,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel. Today, the Jewish population of Kurdish background in Israel is estimated over 150,000; the largest concentration of Kurdish Jews can be found around Jerusalem.[22] The Jews of Kurdish origin play an important part in maintaining unofficial cultural and business relations between Israel and Iraqi Kurdistan.

原創部分

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庫爾德人的信仰是豐富多樣的，大多數庫爾德人信仰伊斯蘭教遜尼派，也有雅迪茲教徒和基督徒，而具有庫爾德人和猶太人雙重身份認同的庫爾德猶太人信仰猶太教，因而庫爾德人相對阿拉伯人信仰更為開放和世俗化，這使庫爾德人不像。



參考文獻

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 王宏彬. 其他国家都反对，为何唯独以色列支持库尔德人建国？-凤凰国际智库. pit.ifeng.com. 鳳凰國際智庫. 2017年09月24日 [2018-11-10]. 
  2. ^ Israelis 'train Kurdish forces'. BBC News. 20 September 2006 [27 March 2011]. 
  3. ^ Iraq's Kurds support relations with Israel, Massoud Barzani. Kurd Net. 8 June 2005 [27 March 2011]. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Mordechi Zaken. Jewish Subjects and Their Tribal Chieftains in Kurdistan: A Study in Survival. 2007: 375. ISBN 9789004161900. 
  5. ^ Van Bruinessen 1978: 344-48.
  6. ^ Jews in Islamic Countries: Iraq. Jewish Virtual Library. 2013 [3 September 2014]. 
  7. ^ Shefler, Gil. In Iraq's Kurdish Zone, Israelis and Long-Hidden Jews See Hope for Revived Ties. Tablet. 8 November 2013 [3 September 2014]. In recent years, a trickle of Jews of Iraqi origin have returned for visits or to do business, and a handful of individuals have even come back to stay. 
  8. ^ Trita Parsi. Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the U.S. (PDF). 紐黑文: Yale University Press: 1. 2007. 
  9. ^ Nader Entessar. Kurdish Politics in the Middle East. : 161 [13 January 2013]. ISBN 9780739140390. 
  10. ^ Barron A. "US and Israeli Jews Express Support for Kurdish Refugees" // Washington Report of Middle East Affairs, May–June 1991, p. 64. [查證請求]
  11. ^ Kurdistan: The Next Flashpoint Between Turkey, Iraq, and the Syrian Revolt. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. 5 August 2012 [13 January 2013]. 
  12. ^ Gary Younge. Israelis 'using Kurds to build power base'. Guardian. 21 June 2004 [12 January 2013]. 
  13. ^ Sadi Baig. A clean break for Israel. Asia Times. 30 June 2004 [11 April 2013]. 
  14. ^ Netanyahu expresses support for Kurdish independence. 洛杉磯時報. 29 June 2014 [30 June 2014]. 
  15. ^ Sokol, Sam. Jew appointed to official position in Iraqi Kurdistan. Jerusalem Post. 18 October 2015 [18 October 2015]. 
  16. ^ Israel becomes first state to back an independent Kurdistan. The Telegraph. 14 September 2017 [9 October 2017]. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Israel accused of covert Kurdish operations. Sydney Morning Herald. 22 June 2014. 
  18. ^ Israelis 'train Kurdish forces'. BBC News. 20 September 2016. 
  19. ^ Israeli NGO delivers aid to refugees in Iraq. The Times of Israel. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Iraq: Israeli NGO Delivers Emergency Aid to Kurds - Middle East - News - Arutz Sheva. Arutz Sheva. 
  21. ^ IsraAID scales up winter relief operation in northern Iraq 9 Feb 2015. GxMSDev. 
  22. ^ Kurdish Jewish Community in Israel. Jcjcr.org. [11 April 2013]. （原始內容存檔於28 July 2013）. 

外部連結

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