二甲雙胍
此條目可參照英語維基百科相應條目來擴充,此條目在對應語言版為高品質條目。 (2023年12月24日) |
臨床資料 | |
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讀音 | /mɛtˈfɔːrmɪn/, met-FAWR-min |
商品名 | Glucophage, other |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a696005 |
核准狀況 | |
懷孕分級 |
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給藥途徑 | 口服 |
ATC碼 | |
法律規範狀態 | |
法律規範 |
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藥物動力學數據 | |
生物利用度 | 50–60%[1][2] |
血漿蛋白結合率 | 很小[1] |
藥物代謝 | 不經過肝臟[1] |
生物半衰期 | 4-8.7小時[1] |
排泄途徑 | 尿液(90%)[1] |
識別資訊 | |
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CAS號 | 657-24-9 |
PubChem CID | |
IUPHAR/BPS | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.010.472 |
化學資訊 | |
化學式 | C4H11N5 |
摩爾質量 | 129.17 g·mol−1 |
3D模型(JSmol) | |
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二甲雙
二甲雙胍在人體通常沒有顯著副作用[8]。常見副作用包含腹瀉、惡心,以及腹痛[3],造成低血糖的機會不大[3]。但值得關注的是,不當用藥可能會導致乳酸中毒,嚴重者甚至會死亡[9]。肝病、腎功能衰竭者不宜服用本品[3],妊娠期間用藥目前沒有已知影響,但妊娠糖尿病一般建議以胰島素進行治療[3][10]。本品屬於雙胍類藥物[3],藉由降低肝臟糖質新生及提升胰島素敏感度來達到治療的效果[3]。
二甲雙胍最早於1922年發現[11],但直到1950年代,法國內科醫師讓·斯特恩(Jean Sterne)開啟了二甲雙胍人類應用的臨床研究[11]。1957年,本品開始在法國用於藥用,並於1995年開始於美國使用[3][12]。本品列名於世界衛生組織基本藥物標準清單之中,為基礎公衛體系必備藥物之一[13]。目前相信口服給藥是最有效的給藥途徑[11],本品屬於通用名藥物[3]。2014年本品於發達國家的批發價為0.21至5.55美元之間[14]。在美國,一個月療程的藥物花費約於 5 至 25 美元之間[3]。
藥理
[編輯]二甲雙胍的分子藥理機制目前尚不完全清楚。已知其至少作用於肝臟,減少糖異生(即葡萄糖的生產)與減輕胰島素抵抗[15]。有研究表明二甲雙胍可激活單磷酸腺苷活化的蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK),是二甲雙胍抑制肝臟糖異生、在胰島素信號傳導通路中提高胰島素的敏感性不可缺少的機制之一[16]。AMPK作為蛋白激酶不僅在胰島素信號傳導通路中,在全身能量平衡以及葡萄糖和脂肪的代謝中也起着重要作用[17]。動物實驗和臨床研究均表明二甲雙胍可誘導糖尿病的糞便微生物菌群構成發生重大變化,不僅可能有助於胰高血糖素樣肽-1(GLP-1)的分泌及作用,還證實可改善胰島素的敏感性,也是其抗2型糖尿病作用的重要機制之一[18][19]。
優勢
[編輯]- 不會增加體重
- 與其他藥品相比不易造成低血糖
- 減少三酸甘油酯
- 對低密度脂蛋白有很好的效果
- 對血壓無影響
- 價格低廉
缺點
[編輯]研究
[編輯]有被研究用於非酒精性脂肪肝[20][21][22]和早發育[23][24][25]。
抗衰老
[編輯]一些資料顯示,服用二甲雙胍的糖尿病患者,其存活率甚至超過其他條件類似但未患糖尿病的人群[26],而對二甲雙胍在人類身上是否有抗衰老效果的臨床實驗預計於2016年冬在美國開始進行。流行病學研究表明,可預防心臟病、癌症和阿茲海默症等, 令致死疾病減少身體較健康,食十年以上整體增加一成多壽命。 [27]
對動物模型有顯著的延壽作用。[28]目前尚無質量足夠的人類臨床研究證明其延長壽命。對於不患糖尿病的人未觀測到降低癌症、心血管疾病發病率的情況。[29]對於糖尿病患者則確實有抗癌、抗心血管疾病的現象,甚至和血糖控制情況是獨立的。[30][31]
不排除其可以延長「無病壽命」的可能性。[32]
註解
[編輯]參考文獻
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延伸閲讀
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