亨利·埃弗里
亨利·埃弗里 | |
---|---|
出生 | 1653年8月20日 英國德文郡普利茅斯牛頓費勒斯 |
逝世 | 1699-1714年 可能是英格蘭德文郡 |
職業 | 海盜 |
亨利·埃弗里(Henry Every、Henry Avery;1653年8月20日—?),有時又叫傑克·埃弗里(Jack Avery)、約翰·埃弗里(John Avery),此外還用過化名Benjamin Bridgeman、Long Ben等,是一位著名的17世紀英國海盜,是少數逃脫絞刑的海盜之一,被稱為「海盜王」[1]。
他最著名的事跡是搶劫了莫臥兒帝國派往麥加朝聖的「根傑伊薩瓦伊號」(Ganj-i-sawai)單桅三角帆船及其護衛艦「法塔赫穆罕默德號」(Fateh Muhammed),這次行動中他搶得了價值£600,000(2024年的£9708萬[2])的財寶,使得他成為當時世界上最有錢的海盜。然而這也嚴重影響了英國和莫臥兒帝國之間的關係,英國樞密院和東印度公司因此懸賞£1,000通緝埃弗里[3]。雖然他的很多船員遭到了逮捕,但埃弗里本人卻得以逃脫[4]。
生平
[編輯]1653年8月20日,他出生於德文郡普利茅斯東南9.7公里(6英里)處的小村Newton Ferrers[5][6]。埃弗里年輕時曾在皇家海軍服役,三十歲出頭時是魯珀特號(HMS Rupert)上的海軍軍官候補生,船長為弗朗西斯·惠勒(Francis Wheeler)[7]。1690年6月末,他跟隨惠勒乘上阿爾比馬爾號(HMS Albemarle),可能兩星期後參與過英法之間的比奇角戰役(Battle of Beachy Head),英軍大敗虧輸[8][9]。同年8月29日,他被踢出了皇家海軍。[10][11]
離開皇家海軍之後,他開始從事大西洋的黑奴貿易活動,為皇家非洲公司工作[12][13]。1693年,埃弗里加入了一艘名為查理二世號的私掠船,船長叫查爾斯·吉布森(Charles Gibson)[14],受僱於西班牙,專門打擊法國的商船及海盜。不過大半年間,查理二世號都沒有遇上法國的商船或海盜,船員都沒有糧餉,因此船員發生叛變,在加勒比海的一個島上將船偷走,埃弗里則被推舉為新任船長,並將船隻易名為幻想號(Fancy)。
成為船長後,埃弗里在加勒比海一帶與其他海盜結成聯盟。1695年,埃弗里與其他海盜襲擊了莫臥兒王朝的船隻,奪去了巨額財寶,莫臥兒王朝向英國施壓,英國發出通緝令通緝埃弗里,但埃弗里得到巴哈馬總督的疪護。後來,埃弗里出航到愛爾蘭,英國海軍聞風趕到,捕捉了埃弗里的同黨,但埃弗里已經消聲匿跡,自此再沒有任何埃弗里的蹤影,埃弗里成為少數最終能逃過絞刑的海盜。世間一般認為他是在1699年於英格蘭逝世。
後來美國各地發現鑄造時間為17世紀末的阿拉伯錢幣,顯示埃弗里以及他的船員可能逃到了美洲大陸。[15]
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Burgess 2009a,第138頁
- ^ 見英國零售價指數,數據來自Clark, Gregory. The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series). MeasuringWorth. 2017 [2022-06-11].
- ^ Burgess 2009a,第144頁
- ^ Woodard 2007
- ^ Baer 2005,第91頁
- ^ Marley 2010,第589頁
- ^ Baer 1994,第3頁
- ^ Baer 1994,第4頁
- ^ Marley 2010,第590頁
- ^ Fox 2008,第19–29頁
- ^ Marley 2010,第589–590頁
- ^ Botting 1978,第80頁
- ^ Phillips 1744,第197頁
- ^ Baer 2005,第230頁
- ^ 17世纪的海盗王可能逃到了北美. www.solidot.org. [2021-04-07]. (原始內容存檔於2022-05-24).
延伸閱讀
[編輯]- Baer, Joel H. 'Captain John Avery' and the Anatomy of a Mutiny. Eighteenth-Century Life (Johns Hopkins University Press). 1994, 18 (1): 1–26. ISSN 0098-2601.
- Baer, Joel H. Bold Captain Avery in the Privy Council: Early Variants of a Broadside Ballad from the Pepys Collection. Folk Music Journal (English Folk Dance and Song Society). 1995, 7 (1): 4–26. ISSN 0531-9684.
- Baer, Joel H. Pirates of the British Isles. London: Tempus Publishing. 2005. ISBN 978-0-7524-2304-3.
- Baker, David Erskine; Reed, Isaac; Jones, Stephen. Biographia Dramatica; or, A Companion to the Playhouse 3. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown [etc.] 1812 [1 January 2012]. (原始內容存檔於2016-04-28).
- Botting, Douglas. The Pirates. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. 1978. ISBN 978-0-8094-2650-8.
- Breverton, Terry. Black Bart Roberts: The Greatest Pirate of Them All. Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing. 2004. ISBN 1-58980-233-0.
- Bruce, Peter Henry. Memoirs of Peter Henry Bruce, Esq.. London: T. Payne, and Son, Mewsgate. 1782 [1 July 2010].
- Burgess, Douglas R. The Pirates' Pact: The Secret Alliances Between History's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 2009a. ISBN 978-0-07-147476-4.
- Burgess, Douglas R. Piracy in the Public Sphere: The Henry Every Trials and the Battle for Meaning in Seventeenth‐Century Print Culture. Journal of British Studies (The University of Chicago Press). 2009b, 48 (4): 887–913. doi:10.1086/603599.
- Davis, Ralph. The Rise of the English Shipping Industry in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. London: Macmillan Publishers. 1962. ISBN 978-0-905555-20-1.
- Dow, George Francis; Edmonds, John Henry. The Pirates of the New England Coast 1630–1730. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. 1996 [1923]. ISBN 978-0-486-29064-5.
- Earle, Peter. The Pirate Wars. New York, NY: St. Martin's Griffin. 2006. ISBN 978-0-312-33580-9.
- Ellms, Charles. The Pirates Own Book. Portland, OR: Sanborn & Carter. 1837.
- Emlyn, Sollom (編). A Complete Collection of State-Trials, and Proceedings upon High-Treason, and Other Crimes and Misdemeanours; from the Reign of King Richard II to the End of the Reign of King George I. 5 2nd. London: J. Walthoe Sen. [etc.] 1730 [2 January 2012]. OCLC 2730073.
- Fox, E. T. King of the Pirates: The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every. London: Tempus Publishing. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7524-4718-6.
- Fraser, George MacDonald. The Pyrates. London: William Collins & Sons. 1983. ISBN 0-330-28390-1.
- Gosse, Philip. The Pirates' Who's Who. New York, NY: Burt Franklin. 1924 [2020-03-25]. (原始內容存檔於2009-09-24).
- Grey, Charles. Pirates of the Eastern Seas (1618–1723): A Lurid Page of History. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co. 1933. OCLC 499970.
- Elliot, Henry Miers; Dowson, John (編). The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period 7. London: Trübner & Co. 1877 [2 January 2012]. (原始內容存檔於2016-06-03).
- Jameson, John Franklin. Case of Henry Every. Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishers. 1923: 153–188 [19 June 2010]. (原始內容存檔於2009-09-24).
- Johnson, Charles. The Life and Adventures of Capt. John Avery. University of California, Los Angeles: The Augustan Reprint Society. 1980 [1709].
- Keay, John. The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company. London: HarperCollins. 1991. ISBN 978-0-00-217515-9.
- Konstam, Angus. Piracy: The Complete History. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2008. ISBN 978-1-84603-240-0.
- Laughton, John Knox. Avery, John. Stephen, Leslie (編). Dictionary of National Biography 2. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885.
- Marley, David F. Pirates of the Americas. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 2010. ISBN 978-1-59884-201-2.
- Marley, David F. Daily Life of Pirates. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press. 2012 [2020-03-25]. ISBN 978-0-313-39563-5. (原始內容存檔於2016-06-24).
- McCarthy, Tom (編). Incredible Pirate Tales: Fourteen Classic Stories of Outlaws on the High Seas. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press. 2006. ISBN 978-1-59228-284-5.
- Phillips, Thomas, A Journal of a Voyage Made in the Hannibal of London, Churchill, Awnsham; Churchill, John (編), A Collection of Voyages and Travels, Some Now first Printed from Original Manuscripts, Others Now first Published in English. In Six Volumes 6, London: 171–239, 1744 [1732] [2020-03-25], (原始內容存檔於2016-05-12)
- Price, Frederick George Hilton (編). A Handbook of London Bankers, With Some Account of Their Predecessors the Early Goldsmiths. London: Leadenhall Press. 1891 [29 October 2011].
- Pringle, Patrick. Jolly Roger: The Story of the Great Age of Piracy. Mineola, NY: Dover. 2001 [1953]. ISBN 0-486-41823-5.
- Rediker, Marcus. Villains of All Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-8070-5024-8.
- Rogoziński, Jan. Honor Among Thieves: Captain Kidd, Henry Every, and the Pirate Democracy in the Indian Ocean. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. 2000. ISBN 978-0-8117-1529-4.
- Saletore, Rajaram Narayan. Indian Pirates: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Delhi: Concept Publishing. 1978. OCLC 5414009.
- Sherry, Frank. Raiders and Rebels: The Golden Age of Piracy. New York, NY: Hearst Marine Books. 1986. ISBN 978-0-688-04684-2.
- Travers, Tim. Pirates: A History. London: Tempus Publishing. 2007. ISBN 978-0-7524-3936-5.
- Woodard, Colin. The Republic of Pirates: Being the True and Surprising Story of the Caribbean Pirates and the Man Who Brought Them Down. Orlando, FL: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2007. ISBN 978-0-15-101302-9.
- Wright, Arnold. Annesley of Surat and His Times, the True Story of the Mythical Wesley Fortune. London: Andrew Melrose. 1918 [29 October 2011].