專注力失調或過度活躍症的流行病學
專注力失調或過度活躍症(ADHD)是童年階段最常見的發展障礙[4]。根據2015年發表的流行病學研究,依照DSM-III, DSM-III-R及DSM-IV的標準,國際專注力失調或過度活躍症的流行率中位數,兒童為6-8%[5][6]。若使用ICD-10的標準,同年齡兒童的流行率則為1–2% [7]。美國的成人專注力失調或過度活躍症的流行率為4-5%[8][9]。根據《找回專注力:成人ADHD全方位自助手冊》,成人ADHD在台灣的流行率推估為3-4%[10]:24-25。ADHD是全球性的[11][12][13][14]。世界各地ADHD流行率的差異主要是因為世界各地使用的ADHD診斷方法不同。[15] 若使用相同的診斷方法,則世界各地所得出的ADHD流行率將介於伯仲之間。[16]
英國和美國的ADHD診斷率和治療率自1970年代起逐年增加至今[17]。學界的共識認為這個現象是因為診斷方法的變遷[17]以及人們逐漸願意利用藥物來治療ADHD所致[7],並非ADHD的流行率真的增加了。[17][7][18]:134 [18]
學界共識認為,2013年起,DSM的版本從DSM 4TR 推進到 DSM 5 會使得ADHD的診斷數增加(特別是成人專注力失調或過度活躍症的診斷數) [19]。
美洲
[編輯]- 美國的數據
截至2011年底,大約11%的4-17歲的兒童與青少年被診斷出專注力失調或過度活躍症[21]。11%換算後約為640萬的兒童與青少年。[21]診斷出有ADHD的男童在比例上比女童約高出兩倍。對於這個性別上差異的成因,目前仍然未知確切原因。不過,有專家指有可能由於女童的病症普遍與男童不同,因此在診斷時亦同時較男童難於察覺,所以較少讓家長及老師發現而作出轉介。[22] [23]
研究顯示美國一年因專注力失調或過度活躍症損失高達近40億美金,其中即包括父母的工作損失[24]。
亞洲
[編輯]- 台灣的數據
ADHD在台灣兒童暨青少年的盛行率約為7%至7.5%。依據衛生福利部中央健保署之健保資料庫[25]的資料顯示,兒童就醫者大約是2.3%至2.5%左右[26]。兒童及青少年ADHD的就醫比率不到一半,也就是有超過三分之二患有專注力失調或過度活躍症的兒童及青少年沒有接受診斷。[10]:24ADHD在台灣成人的盛行率推估為一百個成人中大約有四位(4%)左右的ADHD成人患者。根據2012年健保資料庫的資料顯示:18歲至50歲成人,曾診斷為ADHD的比率為0.057%。[10]:25 [27]
- 韓國的數據
專注力失調或過度活躍症在南韓成人族群(18歲以上)的盛行率大約為 4.4%。而此症在南韓的兒童及青少年族群的盛行率與西方國家的數據大致相同。[28]
- 日本的數據
日本的學齡族群中(6-18歲)中,專注力失調或過度活躍症的盛行率約為7%。[29]
- 中國大陸的數據
根據最新2016年中國大陸的流行病學調研(調查研究),中國大陸兒童與青少年的ADHD盛行率是6.26% (95% 信賴區間: 5.36–7.22%),這意味着中國大陸有數千萬小於十八歲的未成年患有注意力缺陷/多動症。[30]
ADHD在香港兒童與青少年的流行率約落在5%至7%之間。[31][32] ADHD在澳門的流行率與國際盛行率相仿。[33]
- 越南的數據
越南國小學生族群中,ADHD的流行率約為7.7%。其中「注意力缺失型」約佔1.7%;「過動-衝動型」約佔5%;「混合型」約佔1%。[34]
各子類型中的個案性別平均分佈。越南的研究指出,7.7%的流行率與鄰近的亞洲國家和世界其他國家的ADHD兒童流行率相仿,呼籲提升越南境內對ADHD的意識。[34]
大洋洲
[編輯]- 澳洲的數據
澳洲官方數據顯示,在18歲以下的兒童與青少年族群中,有大約11.2%的人患有ADHD。ADHD是澳洲未成年族群中最常見的心理疾患。[35]其中男性患者的比例為女性患者的將近三倍。[35]
歐洲
[編輯]- 西班牙的數據
- 法國的數據
ADHD在法國大學生(平均年齡:20.6歲)中的盛行率約為5.6%。[37]
研究發現,有ADHD的大學生和沒有ADHD的大學生相較之下,有ADHD的大學生有顯著更高的概率需要重修課程以及顯著較低的學業成就。有ADHD的大學生相較之下也有顯著較多的物質或特定行為成癮的個案數,這些成癮的具體事例有:酒精成癮、大麻成癮、煙癮、賭博成癮、衝動購物症、飲食障礙、和網絡成癮症等。[37]研究也點出「ADHD個別化醫療」的重要性。[37]
非洲
[編輯]- 非洲的數據
ADHD影響了大概5.4-8.7%的非洲兒童[38],然而此數據的品質並不高。[38]
文獻來源
[編輯]- ^ Approximate Prevalence Distribution of the Subtypes of ADHD as cited by Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adult ADHD. New York, NY: Routledge. 2008.
- ^ Ramsay, J. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult ADHD : an integrative psychosocial and medical approach. New York: Routledge. 2015. ISBN 0-415-81591-6. OCLC 876336915.
- ^ Ramsay, J. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult ADHD : an integrative psychosocial and medical approach. New York: Routledge. 2008. ISBN 0-415-95500-9. OCLC 79256737.
- ^ Lipkin, Paul H.; Mostofsky, Stewart. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Neurobiology of Disease. Elsevier. 2007: 631–639. ISBN 978-0-12-088592-3. doi:10.1016/b978-012088592-3/50059-1.
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common developmental disorder of childhood, affecting approximately 3–9% of schoolchildren [1,2].
- ^ Thomas, R.; Sanders, S.; Doust, J.; Beller, E.; Glasziou, P. Prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PEDIATRICS (secondary source or tertiary source) (American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)). 2015, 135 (4): e994–e1001 [2017-04-21]. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-3482.
7.2% (95% confidence interval: 6.7 to 7.8)
- ^ Willcutt EG. The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Neurotherapeutics. July 2012, 9 (3): 490–9. PMC 3441936 . PMID 22976615. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0135-8.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Cowen, Philip; Harrison, Paul; Burns, Tom. Drugs and other physical treatments. Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry 6th. Oxford University Press. 2012: 546. ISBN 978-0-19-960561-3.
- ^ Kessler, Ronald C.; Adler, Lenard; Barkley, Russell; Biederman, Joseph; Conners, C. Keith; Demler, Olga; Faraone, Stephen V.; Greenhill, Laurence L.; Howes, Mary J.; Secnik, Kristina; Spencer, Thomas; Ustun, T. Bedirhan; Walters, Ellen E.; Zaslavsky, Alan M. The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. The American journal of psychiatry. 1963-06-08, 163 (4) [2018-09-26]. PMID 16585449. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.716. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-25).
- ^ RC, Kessler; Al., Et. The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. - PubMed. NCBI. 2018-09-26 [2018-09-26]. (原始內容存檔於2020-05-19).
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 高淑芬. 找回專注力:成人ADHD全方位自助手冊. 台北: 心靈工坊. 2016-05-09 [2016-12-12]. ISBN 9789863570592 (中文(臺灣)).
- ^ TSCAP. 臺灣兒童青少年精神醫學會新聞稿20160603. Tscap.org.tw. [2016-12-27]. (原始內容存檔於2016-11-30).
- ^ Norén Selinus, E.; Molero, Y.; Lichtenstein, P.; Anckarsäter, H.; Lundström, S.; Bottai, M.; Hellner Gumpert, C. Subthreshold and threshold attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in childhood: psychosocial outcomes in adolescence in boys and girls. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (Wiley-Blackwell). 2016-10-07, 134 (6): 533–545. ISSN 0001-690X. doi:10.1111/acps.12655.
- ^ Biederman, Joseph; Faraone, Stephen V. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)). 2004, 192 (7): 453–454. ISSN 0022-3018. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000131803.68229.96.
- ^ Polanczyk, Guilherme; de Lima, Maurício Silva; Horta, Bernardo Lessa; Biederman, Joseph; Rohde, Luis Augusto. The Worldwide Prevalence of ADHD: A Systematic Review and Metaregression Analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry (American Psychiatric Publishing). 2007, 164 (6): 942–948. ISSN 0002-953X. doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942.
- ^ Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry. June 2007, 164 (6): 942–8. PMID 17541055. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.164.6.942.
- ^ Jones, edited by Ming Tsuang, Mauricio Tohen, Peter B. Textbook of psychiatric epidemiology 3rd. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. : 450 [2018-09-16]. ISBN 9780470977408. (原始內容存檔於2020-12-22).
- ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 ADHD Throughout the Years (PDF). Center For Disease Control and Prevention. [2 August 2013]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2013-08-07).
- ^ 18.0 18.1 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. CG72 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): full guideline (PDF). NHS. 24 September 2008 [2018-09-16]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2014-02-25).
- ^ Dalsgaard, S. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).. European child & adolescent psychiatry. February 2013,. 22 Suppl 1: S43–8. PMID 23202886. doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0360-z.
- ^ Prevalence - ADHD - NCBDDD. CDC. 2018-04-24 [2018-09-16]. (原始內容存檔於2019-03-30).
- ^ 21.0 21.1 Data & Statistics-Children with ADHD:How many children have ADHD?. Central of Disease Control and Prevention. (tertiary source). 2017-02-14 [2017-04-16]. (原始內容存檔於2017-04-13).
- ^ Emond, V; Joyal, C; Poissant, H. Neuroanatomie structurelle et fonctionnelle du trouble déficitaire d’attention avec ou sans hyperactivité (TDAH) [Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]. Encephale. 2009-04, 35 (2): 107–14. PMID 19393378. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2008.01.005 (法語).
- ^ Singh, I. Beyond polemics: Science and ethics of ADHD. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2008-12, 9 (12): 957–64. PMID 19020513. doi:10.1038/nrn2514.
- ^ 陳錦宏. 【誤解下的小孩】:談注意力不足/過動症 - 陳錦宏醫師. 社團法人台灣心動家族兒童青少年關懷協會. 2012-07-09 [2017-02-16]. (原始內容存檔於2018-02-24).
- ^ 全民健康保險研究資料庫 National Health Insurance Research Database. Taiwan, Republic of China.. [2017-03-17]. (原始內容存檔於2017-02-15).(中文)(英文)
- ^ 注意力不足過動症ADHD的第三條路:心動家族. 康健雜誌. 2016-10-04 [2017-06-21]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-25) (中文).
「台灣對這個疾病的知識不足,網絡民間常流竄1-20年前過時的資料,而真正接受過此疾病診斷及整合式治療訓練的專科醫師如兒心科醫師又少之又少。」、「ADHD全世界平均盛行率為7.2%,台灣社區研究為7.5%,而台灣健保資料庫研究顯示只有2.3%接受診斷,1.6%用藥,1%的人接受足夠時間完整的治療,所以可了解有許多人求助無門因而情況日益惡化。 」
- ^ Cheng, Yu-Shian; Shyu, Yu-Chiau; Lee, Sheng-Yu; Yuan, Shin-Sheng; Yang, Chun-Ju; Yang, Kang-Chung; Lee, Tung-Liang; Wang, Liang-Jen. Trend, characteristics, and pharmacotherapy of adults diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide survey in Taiwan. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment (Dove Medical Press Ltd.). 2017,. Volume 13: 643–651. ISSN 1178-2021. doi:10.2147/ndt.s126438.
- ^
Park, Subin; Cho, Maeng Je; Chang, Sung Man; Jeon, Hong Jin; Cho, Seong-Jin; Kim, Byung-Soo; Bae, Jae Nam; Wang, Hee-Ryung; Ahn, Joon Ho; Hong, Jin Pyo. Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidities of adult ADHD symptoms in Korea: Results of the Korean epidemiologic catchment area study. Psychiatry Research (Elsevier BV). 2011, 186 (2-3): 378–383 [2017-04-21]. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.07.047.
In the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, 4.4% of 3199 subjects aged 18 to 44 years met the DSM-IV criteria for ADHD (Kessler et al., 2006). The acceptance of ADHD symptoms in adults, because the prevalence rates of ADHD in Korean school-age children are similar to the rates reported in Western countries (Kim, 2002).
- ^ Domenic Greco, PhD. Is Prevalence of ADD/ADHD the Same in the U.S., Europe, and Japan?. 2012-09-10 [2017-04-22]. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-03).
Japan reports a 7% of school-aged children have ADD/ADHD.
- ^ Wang, Tingting; Liu, Kaihua; Li, Zhanzhan; Xu, Yang; Liu, Yuan; Shi, Wenpei; Chen, Lizhang. Prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children and adolescents in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry (systematic review, meta-analysis (secondary source)). 2017, 17 (1). ISSN 1471-244X. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1187-9.
- ^ The Prevalence of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder among Chinese Children and Adolescents. Scientific Reports. 2018-08-16, 8 (1) [2019-01-28]. ISSN 2045-2322. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29488-2. (原始內容存檔於2021-11-19).
- ^ 陳國齡. Child with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 認識注意力不足 /過度活躍症 (PDF). 中華人民共和國香港特別行政區政府教育局 The government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of People's Republic of China. [2017-04-22]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-03-29).
- ^ Davis, J. Mark; Lao, Ian Leong. Comparison of the Level and Prevalence of ADHD Symptoms in Macao (China) and U.S. University Students. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology (Informa UK Limited). 2013, 1 (4): 269–277 [2017-04-21]. doi:10.1080/21683603.2013.804469.
- ^ 34.0 34.1 Pham, Hoai Danh; Nguyen, Huu Bao Han; Tran, Diep Tuan. Prevalence of ADHD in primary school children in Vinh Long, Vietnam. Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society (Wiley). 2015-08-19, 57 (5): 856–859. ISSN 1328-8067. PMID 25864909. doi:10.1111/ped.12656.
- ^ 35.0 35.1 5 Depressive disorder, conduct disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Department of Health. [2018-03-16]. (原始內容存檔於2018-03-17).
Table 5.2 shows the prevalence of the three disorders. The most common disorder was ADHD, which had a prevalence of 11.2%. Within this group, 5.8% had the Inattentive Subtype of ADHD, 2.0% the Hyperactive-Impulsive Subtype and 3.3% the Combined Subtype.
- ^ Catalá-López, F; Peiró, S; Ridao, M; Sanfélix-Gimeno, G; Gènova-Maleras, R; Catalá, MA. Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children and adolescents in Spain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies.. BMC Psychiatry. 2012-10-12, 12: 168. PMID 23057832. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-12-168.
- ^ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Romo, Lucia; Ladner, Joel; Kotbagi, Gayatri; Morvan, Yannick; Saleh, Dalia; Tavolacci, Marie Pierre; Kern, Laurence. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and addictions (substance and behavioral): Prevalence and characteristics in a multicenter study in France. Journal of behavioral addictions (Akademiai Kiado Zrt.). 2018-07-16: 1–9. ISSN 2062-5871. PMID 30010409. doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.58.
Significant differences were found as students with ADHD were less likely to succeed in their studies (repeated classes more often) than non-ADHD students, and considered their academic level to be lower. They also had significantly higher scores on substance (alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco) as well as behavioral addictions (gambling, compulsive buying disorder, eating disorders, and Internet addiction). Conclusion It seems essential to determine students' problems and propose interventions adapted to students' needs, in order to reduce the negative impact on their future academic and global successes.
- ^ 38.0 38.1 Bakare, MO. Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and disorder (ADHD) among African children: a review of epidemiology and co-morbidities.. African Journal of Psychiatry. September 2012, 15 (5): 358–61. PMID 23044891. doi:10.4314/ajpsy.v15i5.45.