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薄皮蚤屬

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薄皮蚤屬
Leptodora kindtii
科學分類 編輯
界： 動物界 Animalia
門： 節肢動物門 Arthropoda
亞門： 甲殼亞門 Crustacea
綱： 鰓足綱 Branchiopoda
目： 雙甲目 Diplostraca
G. O. Sars, 1865
科： 薄皮蚤科 Leptodoridae
Lilljeborg（英語：Wilhelm Lilljeborg）, 1861
屬： 薄皮蚤屬 Leptodora
Lilljeborg, 1861
物種
  • Leptodora kindtii (Focke, 1844)[1]
  • Leptodora richardii Korovchinsky, 2009[2]
異名
  • Hyalosoma Wagner, 1868

薄皮蚤屬（學名：Leptodora）為薄皮蚤科動物唯一的一個屬。過往本屬只有透明薄皮蚤（學名：Leptodora kindtii）一個物種，直至2009年本屬的第二個物種被發現。這兩個物種在對比其他雙甲下綱物種來說比較大，近乎透明及透光，是一類捕食性物種。本屬物種最長可長至21 mm（0.83英寸），有兩枝可用作游泳的觸角，以及一隻複眼。腿可用作捕捉碰巧路過的橈足亞綱物種。

透明薄皮蚤見於北半球溫帶的湖泊中，很可能是枝角目物種當中唯一曾被報章報導過的已描述生物；而L. richardi現時只見於俄羅斯遠東地區的黑龍江流域，儘管日本認為在其國內分佈的物種亦是L. richardi。

在一年內絕大多數時候，薄皮蚤屬物種只會進行單性生殖，當中雄性物種只會在季度

細水蚤屬是水蚤屬。它是一種大型物種，體長超過1厘米，身體細長，具有掠食性。過去人們認為它是單一物種，但現在有一個理論認為它是多個物種。如果這一點得到證實，則日本物種就是 Leptodora richardi 。

For most of the year, Leptodora reproduces , with males only appearing late in the season, to produce winter eggs which hatch the following spring. Leptodora is the only genus in its family, the Leptodoridae, and suborder, Haplopoda.

形態描述

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薄皮蚤屬物種的成體是北美洲原生浮游枝角目物種當中體型最大的[3]；至於到底有多大，各種報告間不盡相同，但雌性成體普遍可長至12 mm（0.47英寸）長[4]，部分報告聲稱可長至21 mm（0.83英寸）長[5]。這些動物的身體約有98%是透明的[6]，以避免被魚類獵食[7]。

Lilljeborg notes:[8]

Das Weibchen ist in so hohem Grade durchsichtig, in wahrem Sinne »wasserhell», dass oft nur die Bewegungen ihr Dasein in dem Wasser verrathen. Bei auffallendem Sonnenlicht wird gewöhnlich der Schatten früher als das Thier selbst entdeckt.

The female is transparent to such a high degree, literally "as clear as water", that her presence is often only given away by her movements. In bright sunlight, the shadow is normally seen before the animal itself.

The male is similarly transparent.[8] The abdomen is elongated, but the carapace（英語：carapace） is small and only covers the brood pouch（英語：Brood pouch (Peracarida)）.[6]

胸節的六對附肢形成一個「餵哺籃」，用以捕捉獵物[9]。 The second 觸角 are used for swimming, while the first antennae are 痕跡器官 in females but elongated in males, where they are used in 有性生殖.[6] There is a single large 複眼 which takes up much of the animal's head.[6] It comprises around 500 facet（英語：facet）s, which are spherically arranged, and the whole eye is movable by up to 10° in any direction.[10]

分佈

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透明薄皮蚤廣泛分佈於北半球溫帶的湖泊中，見於北美洲、亞洲、歐洲及非洲。在北美洲，其分佈範圍南至德克薩斯州及俄克拉荷馬州[11]；在中國大陸分佈於浙江、江蘇、安徽、江西、湖北、吉林、黑龍江、雲南、內蒙古等地[1]，主要棲息於大中型湖泊的敞水區、也出現在沿岸以及小型湖泊與積水較深的池塘中[1]。在歐洲、北非部分地區、阿拉伯半島北部及亞洲喜馬拉雅山脈以北地區亦有分佈[6]。

生態及行為

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溞屬物種（Daphnia）是透明薄皮蚤（Leptodora kindtii）的其中一種重要獵物。
而另一方面，河鱸（Perca fluviatilis）又是薄皮蚤屬動物的主要捕食者。

透明薄皮蚤是一種貪婪的捕食者，能夠控制其偏愛獵物的數量[12]，一般都是溞屬（Daphnia）、Bosmina, Ceriodaphnia, Diaphanosoma, Diaptomus（英語：Diaptomus）, Polyphemus（英語：Polyphemus (genus)）及劍水蚤屬（Cyclops）等各屬物種的幼體[6]。 It seems to encounter its prey by chance, with contact initiating a 反射 (生理學), in which the 腹 is brought forward to close the feeding basket. In many cases, the prey escapes this haphazard response. Juvenile Daphnia are slower than adults to respond to the predator's attack, and are therefore more likely to be caught.[13]

The most important predators of Leptodora are fishes, including 白鮭屬, perch, ziege（英語：ziege） and 歐白魚.[12]

In 琵琶湖, 日本, L. kindtii is 寄生 by the 線蟲動物門 Raphidascaris biwakoensis, a parasite of 魚.[14]

生命週期

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雌性薄皮蚤屬動物能夠僅僅透過單性生殖就可以產卵，而且每隔12小時就又可以再下一窩卵子[15]。這些卵子孵化後進入幼體階段，身長約2毫米（0.079英寸）。之後牠們在長為成蟲之前，還要再經歷六個instar（英語：instar），到了完全成長，體長增至6毫米（0.24英寸）[15]。而事實上，從孵化到成蟲階段，需時只要3到6天，視乎孵化時的環境溫度[15]。在一年的絕大多數時候，薄皮蚤屬動物的繁殖都只靠單性生殖，所生產的卵皆為雌性，並沒有雄性的卵子 [6]。到了秋季，透過單性生殖的雄性卵子開始出現[5]；雄性與雌性進行有性生殖才變得可行。這些透過交配行為誕下的受精卵會在牠們越冬的所在地沉到最底[8]，直到下一年才會孵化，成為 nauplius（英語：nauplius (larva)）-like larvae.[6]。

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Leptodora is so distinct from other cladocerans that some authors have suggested grouping all other cladocerans into a 演化支 called "Eucladocera", with Leptodora as its 姐妹群. It is now believed, however, that Leptodora is sister to Onychopoda（英語：Onychopoda）, being the only genus in the family Leptodoridae and the subclass Haplopoda.[16] Features which separate it from other families include its large size, the lack of branchial appendages (鰓s) on its legs, the reduction of the carapace, and the fact that the winter eggs hatch as nauplii.[6]

Taxonomic history

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Leptodora was first found in the Bremer Stadtgraben, and described by the local scientist G. W. Focke.

Leptodora kindtii is "probably the only cladoceran ever described in a newspaper".[17] The German microscopist Gustav Woldemar Focke（英語：Gustav Woldemar Focke） organised a 學術研討會 in 不來梅 in 1844 together with the pharmacist Georg Christian Kindt. He studied the fauna of the ditches surrounding the city (the Bremer Stadtgraben) and displayed live specimens at the meeting. During the meeting, he also published a description of the species in the Weser-Zeitung on Sunday September 22, 1844, placing the species in the genus Polyphemus（英語：Polyphemus (genus)）.[17] However, this description was ignored by the scientific community, and Wilhelm Lilljeborg（英語：Wilhelm Lilljeborg） described the species in 1861 with the name Leptodora hyalina. The 異名 was not noticed until Simon Albrecht Poppe informed Lilljeborg of it in 1889,[17] and Lilljeborg corrected the error in his 1900 專著.[8]

2009年，Korovchinsky首度為本屬的第二個物種Leptodora richardii作出描述：這個物種採樣自黑龍江盆地的湖泊，包括博隆湖[2]。

異名

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現時下列組合均被視為透明薄皮蚤（Leptodora kindtii）的異名[18]：

  • Polyphemus kindti Focke, 1844
  • Hyalosoma dux Wagner, 1868
  • Leptodora angusta Sars, 1890
  • Leptodora hyalina Lilljeborg, 1861
  • Leptodora pellucida Joseph, 1882

語源

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The name Leptodora is from the 希臘語 words leptos and dora, collectively meaning thin-skinned.[19] The 種加詞 kindtii is presumed to refer to G. C. Kindt, who worked closely with Focke.[17] The alternative spelling kindti is sometimes encountered,[20] but is no longer considered correct under the 國際動物命名法規.[21] The epithet hyalina, used by Lilljeborg, is from the Greek ὕαλος, and means glassy（英語：hyaline）.[19]

下屬物種

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本屬包括以下物種：[22]

  • Leptodora kindti (Focke, 1844)
  • Leptodora richardi Korovchinsky, 2009

參考文獻

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 中國科學院動物研究所. 透明薄皮蚤. 《中國動物物種編目數據庫》. 中國科學院微生物研究所. [2009-04-28]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-05）. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Korovchinsky, Nikolai M. The genus Leptodora Lilljeborg (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Cladocera) is not monotypic: description of a new species from the Amur River basin (Far East of Russia) (PDF). Zootaxa. 2009, 2120: 39–52 [2022-01-20]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2120.1.5. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-01-20） （英語）. 
  3. ^ Leptodora kindti. An Image-Based Key to the Zooplankton of the Northeast (USA). University of New Hampshire. [2010-03-19]. （原始內容存檔於2010-07-26） （英語）. 
  4. ^ Cynthia C. Lunte; Chris Luecke. Trophic interactions of Leptodora in Lake Mendota. Limnology and Oceanography（英語：Limnology and Oceanography）. 1990, 35 (5): 1091–1100. Bibcode:1990LimOc..35.1091L. JSTOR 2837489. doi:10.4319/lo.1990.35.5.1091. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Andrews, Ted F. Growth studies on parthenogenetically produced male and female Leptodora kindtii (Focke). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society（英語：Transactions of the American Microscopical Society）. 1953, 72 (1): 9–17. JSTOR 3223355. doi:10.2307/3223355 （英語）. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 Leptodora kindti. Zooplankton of the Great Lakes. Central Michigan University. [2010-03-10]. （原始內容存檔於2012-02-22） （英語）. 
  7. ^ Donn K. Branstrator. Contrasting life histories of the predatory cladocerans Leptodora kindtii and Bythotrephes longimanus. Journal of Plankton Research（英語：Journal of Plankton Research）. 2005, 27 (6): 569–585. doi:10.1093/plankt/fbi033 可免費查閱. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Wilhelm Lilljeborg. Cladocera Sueciae; oder Beiträge zur kenntniss der in Schweden lebenden Krebsthiere von der Ordnung der Branchiopoden und der Unterordnung der Cladoceren. 烏普薩拉: Druck der Akademischen buchdruckerei E. Berling. 1900: 650–658, Tab. 87. 
  9. ^ Marina Manca; Patrizia Comoli. Seasonal changes in size of the feeding basket of Leptodora kindtii (Focke) in Lago Maggiore as related to variations in prey size selection. Limnology and Oceanography（英語：Limnology and Oceanography）. 1995, 40 (4): 834–838. Bibcode:1995LimOc..40..834M. JSTOR 2838319. doi:10.4319/lo.1995.40.4.0834 可免費查閱. 
  10. ^ J. J. Wolken; G. J. Gallik. The compound eye of a crustacean, Leptodora kindtii. Journal of Cell Biology（英語：Journal of Cell Biology）. 1965, 26 (3): 968–973. PMC 2106796 可免費查閱. PMID 19866691. doi:10.1083/jcb.26.3.968. 
  11. ^ Jack R. Holt; David S. White; Alan P. Covich. Discovery of Leptodora kindtii (Focke) (Crustacea: Clad-Ocera) in Oklahoma and Texas. The Southwestern Naturalist. 1978, 23 (4): 686–688. JSTOR 3671192. doi:10.2307/3671192 （英語）. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Alois Herzig. P. Larsson; L. J. Weider , 編. Leptodora kindti: efficient predator and preferred prey item in Neusiedler See, Austria. Hydrobiologia（英語：Hydrobiologia）. 1995, 307 (1–3): 273–282. S2CID 7755718. doi:10.1007/BF00032021. 
  13. ^ Howard I. Browman; Silke Kruse; W. John O'Brien. Foraging behavior of the predaceous cladoceran, Leptodora kindti, and escape responses of their prey. Journal of Plankton Research（英語：Journal of Plankton Research）. 1989, 11 (5): 1075–1088. doi:10.1093/plankt/11.5.1075. 
  14. ^ F. Moravec; K. Nasagawa; Y. Tanaka; T. Narita. Role of Leptodora kindti (Cladocera: Leptodoridae) in the life cycle of Raphidascaris biwakoensis (Nematoda: Anisakidae), a fish parasite in Lake Biwa, Japan (PDF). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 1998, 32 (2): 157–160 [2022-01-20]. PMID 9676256. doi:10.3354/dao032157 可免費查閱. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-01-20）. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Vijverberg, Jacobus; Koelewijn, Hans Peter. Effect of temperature on development and growth of the raptorial cladoceran Leptodora kindtii under laboratory conditions. Freshwater Biology. 2004, 49 (11): 1415–1422. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01276.x （英語）. 
  16. ^ Joel W. Martin; George E. Davis. An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea (PDF). 洛杉磯縣自然歷史博物館. 2001: 132 [2022-01-20]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2013-05-12）. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Henri J. Dumont; Werner Hollwedel. Leptodora kindtii (Focke, 1844) from Bremen, Germany: discovered, forgotten, and rediscovered. Crustaceana（英語：Crustaceana）. 2009, 82 (11): 1457–1461. doi:10.1163/001121609X12511103974457. 
  18. ^ Crustacea-Cladocera checkList (PDF). Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment (FADA) Project. Belgian Biodiversity Platform. 2010-10-20 [2010-11-07]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-01-19） （英語）. 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 Wilhelm Lilljeborg. An Account of two remarkable Crustacea of the Order Cladocera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History（英語：Annals and Magazine of Natural History）. 3rd series. 1862, 9 (50): 132–136 [2022-01-20]. doi:10.1080/00222936208681196. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-20）. 
  20. ^ Mary D. Balcer; Nancy L. Korda; Stanley I. Dodson. Life history and ecology of the major crustacean species. Zooplankton of the Great Lakes: a guide to the identification and ecology of the common crustacean species. University of Wisconsin Press（英語：University of Wisconsin Press）. 1984: 49–109. ISBN 978-0-299-09820-9. 
  21. ^ Jørgen Olesen; Stefan Richter; Gerhard Scholtz. On the ontogeny of Leptodora kindtii (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Cladocera), with notes on the phylogeny of the Cladocera. Journal of Morphology（英語：Journal of Morphology）. 2003, 256 (3): 235–259. PMID 12655608. S2CID 24239891. doi:10.1002/jmor.10043. 
  22. ^ Leptodora Lilljeborg, 1861. GBIF. [2022-07-13]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-13）. 

外部連結

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