蝰科

蝰科
	阿拉伯角蝰 Cerastes gasperetti
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	爬蟲綱 Reptilia
目：	有鱗目 Squamata
亞目：	蛇亞目 Serpentes
下目：	真蛇下目 Alethinophidia
演化支：	非洲真蛇類 Afrophidia
小目：	新蛇小目 Caenophidia
演化支：	黃頷蛇類 Colubroides
演化支：	黃頷蛇形類 Colubriformes
演化支：	Endoglyptodonta演化支 Endoglyptodonta
科：	蝰科 Viperidae; Oppel, 1811
亞科
	白頭蝰亞科(Azemiopinae); 夜蝰亞科(Causinae); 蝮蛇亞科(Crotalinae); 蝰蛇亞科(Viperinae);

蝰蛇科（學名：Viperidae）又名蝮蛇科，是一個分佈於全世界的毒蛇科。蝰蛇（Viperinae）和蝮蛇（Crotalinae）是這一科的代表物種，牠們體粗尾細，長着三角形的頭。毒液中含有血毒素，有些種類另含神經毒素。毒牙較長，能深深刺入獵物體內高效地注入毒液。毒牙與上齶之間有關節，可在口中放倒。蝮蛇有頰窩（紅外線感應器官），用以從環境溫度中識別獵物的體溫。大部分蝰蛇均屬於夜行性動物。

蝰蛇和蝮蛇都不長，但不同各類之間體長的差異很大。納米比亞侏膨蝰（Bitis schneideri）至多28厘米，而南美巨蝮（Lachesis muta）卻可達到3.6米。

分類

蝰蛇科包括四個亞科：

白頭蝰亞科 (Azemiopinae)
夜蝰亞科 (Causinae)
蝮蛇亞科 (Crotalinae)
蝰蛇亞科 (Viperinae)

本科包括以下屬：^[1]

Acridophaga Reuss, 1927
Agkishodon de Beauvois, 1799
蝮蛇屬 Agkistrodon de Beauvois, 1799
Allocrus Santos-Silva & Monné, 2023
樹蝰屬 Atheris Cope, 1862
跳蝮屬 Atropoides Werman, 1992
Atropophis Peters, 1872
Atropos Wagler, 1830
Azemiops Boulenger, 1888
噝蝰屬 Bitis Gray, 1842
棕櫚蝮屬 Bothriechis Peters, 1859
Bothrocophias Gutberlet & Campbell, 2001
Bothrophis Fitzinger, 1843
Bothropoides Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson, 2009
矛頭蝮屬 Bothrops Wagler, 1824
Calloselasma Cope, 1860
Caudisona Laurenti, 1768
夜蝰屬 Causus Wagler, 1830
Cenchris Daudin, 1803
角蝰屬 Cerastes Laurenti, 1768
山蝮屬 Cerrophidion Campbell & Lamar, 1992
Chersea Fleming, 1822
Craspedocephalus
Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822
- Craspedocephalus anamallensis (Günther, 1864)
- Craspedocephalus andalasensis David, Vogel, Vijayakumar & Vidal, 2006
- Craspedocephalus borneensis (Peters, 1872)
- Craspedocephalus brongersmai Hoge, 1969
- Craspedocephalus gramineus (Shaw, 1802)
- Craspedocephalus macrolepis (Beddome, 1862) Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822
- Craspedocephalus macrolepis Beddome, 1862
- Craspedocephalus malabaricus (Jerdon, 1854)
- Craspedocephalus occidentalis (Pope & Pope, 1933)
- Craspedocephalus peltopelor Mallik, Srikanthan, Ganesh, Vijayakumar, Campbell, Malhotra & Shanker, 2021
- Craspedocephalus puniceus (Boie, 1827)
- Craspedocephalus rubeus (Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini & Stuart, 2011)
- Craspedocephalus strigatus (Gray, 1842) Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822
- Craspedocephalus strigatus Gray, 1842
- Craspedocephalus travancoricus Mallik, Srikanthan, Ganesh, Vijayakumar, Campbell, Malhotra & Shanker, 2021^[2]
- Craspedocephalus trigonocephalus (Donndorff, 1798)
- Craspedocephalus wiroti Trutnau, 1981
Crotalophorus Gray, 1825
Crotalurus Rafinesque, 1820
Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758
Cryptelytrops Cope, 1859
Daboia Gray, 1842
Deinagkistrodon Gloyd, 1979
Dinodipsas Peters, 1882
Distichurus Hallowell, 1842
鋸鱗蝰屬 Echis Merrem, 1820
Eristicophis Alcock & Finn, 1897
Garthius Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004
亞洲蝮屬 Gloydius Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981
Halys Gray, 1849
Heterophis Peters, 1862
瘤鼻蝮屬 Hypnale Fitzinger, 1843
巨蝮屬 Lachesis Daudin, 1803
Laophis Owen, 1857
鈍鼻蝰屬 Macrovipera Reuss, 1927
Megaera Wagler, 1830
Mesovipera Reuss, 1927
Metlapilcoatlus
Mixcoatlus Jadin, H.M.Smith & Campbell, 2011
Montatheris Broadley, 1996
山丘蝰屬 Montivipera Nilson, Tuniyev, Andrén, Orlov, Joger & Herrmann, 1999
墨西哥角蝮屬 Ophryacus Cope, 1887
烙鐵頭屬 Ovophis Burger, 1981
Parias Gray, 1849
Pelias Merrem, 1820
Peltopelor Günther, 1864
Poecilostolus Günther, 1863
Popeia Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004
豬鼻蝮屬 Porthidium Cope, 1871
Proatheris Broadley, 1996
原矛頭蝮屬 Protobothrops Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1983
擬角蝰屬 Pseudocerastes Boulenger, 1896
Rhinocerophis Garman, 1881
Scytale Meuschen, 1778
華腹屬 Sinovipera
Guo & Wang, 2011
- 四川華蝮 Sinovipera sichuanensis^[3]
侏儒響尾蛇屬 Sistrurus Garman, 1884
Teleuraspis Cope, 1859
Thamnocenchris Salvin, 1860
Thanatophis Posada-Arango, 1889
Toxicoa Gray, 1849
Toxicophis Troost, 1836
Triceratolepidophis Ziegler, Herrmann, David, Orlov & Plauvels, 2000
竹葉青蛇屬 Trimeresurus Lacepède, 1804
Trimesurus Gray, 1842
黑綠烙鐵頭屬 Tropidolaemus Wagler, 1830
Turanechis Cherlin, 1990
Urobelus Reinhardt, 1860
Uropsophus Wagler, 1830
蝰屬 Vipera Laurenti, 1768
Zhaoermia Gumprechtt & Tillack, 2004

參考文獻

^ Viperidae. GBIF. [2023-10-25]. （原始內容存檔於2023-12-09）.
^ Ashok Kumar Mallik, Achyuthan Needamangalam Srikanthan, Sumaithangi Rajagopalan Ganesh, Seenapuram Palaniswamy Vijayakumar, Patrick D. Campbell, Anita Malhotra and Kartik Shanker. 2021. Resolving Pitfalls in Pit Viper Systematics – A Multi-criteria Approach to Species Delimitation in Pit Vipers (Reptilia, Viperidae, Craspedocephalus) of Peninsular India reveals Cryptic Diversity. Vertebrate Zoology. 71: 577-619. DOI: 10.3897/vz.71.e66239
^ Peng Guo and Yuezhao Wang. 2011. A new genus and species of cryptic Asian green pitviper (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) from southwest China. Zootaxa, 2918: 1-14.: http://pages.bangor.ac.uk/~bss166/Sinovipera.pdf

[1] Viperidae. GBIF. [2023-10-25]. （原始內容存檔於2023-12-09）.

[2] Ashok Kumar Mallik, Achyuthan Needamangalam Srikanthan, Sumaithangi Rajagopalan Ganesh, Seenapuram Palaniswamy Vijayakumar, Patrick D. Campbell, Anita Malhotra and Kartik Shanker. 2021. Resolving Pitfalls in Pit Viper Systematics – A Multi-criteria Approach to Species Delimitation in Pit Vipers (Reptilia, Viperidae, Craspedocephalus) of Peninsular India reveals Cryptic Diversity. Vertebrate Zoology. 71: 577-619. DOI: 10.3897/vz.71.e66239

[3] Peng Guo and Yuezhao Wang. 2011. A new genus and species of cryptic Asian green pitviper (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) from southwest China. Zootaxa, 2918: 1-14.: http://pages.bangor.ac.uk/~bss166/Sinovipera.pdf

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