1898年威爾明頓大屠殺

1898年威爾明頓大屠殺
1898年威爾明頓大屠殺
	白種暴徒在被摧毀的每日記錄 (The Daily Record)報社前合影
位置	威爾明頓 (北卡羅來納州)
日期	1898年11月10日
目標	非裔美國人居民; 黑人企業家; 當選聯合主義者（英語：Fusion Party#Fusion Party in North Carolina）; 每日記錄報紙;
類型	縱火; 攻擊; 謀殺; 政治恐怖主義; 政治宣傳; 財產損壞/盜竊; 分佈廣的恐嚇;
武器	加特林槍; 400多支私人槍支;
死亡	估計14-300名黑人居民被殺
受害者	大約2000名黑人平民流離失所; est. 20 Fusionists banished; 報社被燒毀;
主謀	"The Secret Nine"; Charles Aycock（英語：Charles Brantley Aycock）; Furnifold Simmons（英語：Furnifold McLendel Simmons）; 約瑟夫斯·丹尼爾斯, owner of The News & Observer（英語：The News & Observer）; Alfred M. Waddell（英語：Alfred M. Waddell）;
行兇者	紅衫軍（英語：Red Shirts (Southern United States)）; 暴徒白人平民; 威爾明頓輕步兵團;
參與人數	2,000
動機	美國重建時期期間社會、經濟和政治權力的轉變; 白人優越主義;
	攻擊的目的：(1) 推翻民選的種族融合政府; (2) 恢復美國內戰前時期的種族等級制度（英語：Racial hierarchy）

1898年威爾明頓大屠殺^[6]是指在該年11月10日，一場因為白人優越主義在威爾明頓發起的大規模暴動和叛亂。^[7]威爾明頓的白人媒體通常將其描述為一次因為黑人引起的種族暴亂（race riot（英語：race riot）) 。20世紀末以來的研究認為該事件是一場政變，因為此事件中由一群白人至上主義者通過暴力推翻了正式選舉產生的政府。

政變由該州的白人民主黨人密謀並領導，最終目標是推翻威爾明頓合法選舉產生的種族融合政府。^[1]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]他們將反對派黑人和白人政治領導人驅逐出該市，摧毀了自南北戰爭重建以來黑人公民的財產和企業，包括該市唯一的黑人主導的報紙，並殺害了約60至300多人。^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] 因此這件事被認為是美國歷史上唯一的此類事件（政變）^[13]^[14]，因為其他在美國重建時期的衝突並沒有導致民選政府被非政府人員所替代。

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Collins, Lauren. A Buried Coup d'État in the United States. The New Yorker. September 19, 2016 [2021-06-13]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-21）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Coates, Ta-Nehisi. Black Pathology Crowdsourced: Why we need historians in debates about today's cultures. April 4, 2014 [2021-06-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-19）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 John DeSantis, "Wilmington, N.C., Revisits a Bloody 1898 Day" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, The New York Times, pp. 1 and 33, June 4, 2006, accessed August 23, 2012
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 McCoury, Kent. Alfred Moore Waddell (1834–1912). North Carolina History Project. [2021-06-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-09）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Watson, Richard L. Jr. Lindsey Butler; Alan Watson , 編. Furnifold Simmons and the Politics of White Supremacy. In Race, Class and Politics in Southern History: Essays in Honor of Robert F. Durden, Jeffrey Crow et al (Louisiana State University Press). 1989.
^ Waggoner, Martha. Marker calls 1898 violence a 'coup,' not a 'race riot'. ABC News. 5 November 2019 [8 November 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2019-11-09）（英語）. The state of North Carolina is moving away from using the phrase "race riot" to describe the violent overthrow of the Wilmington government in 1898 and is instead using the word "coup" on the highway historical marker that will commemorate the dark event. "You don't call it that anymore because the African Americans weren't rioting," said Ansley Herring Wegner, administrator of the North Carolina Highway Historical Marker Program. "They were being massacred."
^ When white supremacists overthrew a government, [2019-09-08], （原始內容存檔於2020-06-23）（英語）
^ Brent Staples. When Democracy Died in Wilmington, N.C.. The New York Times. 2006 [2021-06-13]. （原始內容存檔於2019-11-10）.
^ How The Only Coup D'Etat In U.S. History Unfolded. National Public Radio. August 17, 2008 [2021-06-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-30）.
^ LaFrance, Adrienne; Newkirk, Vann R. II. The Lost History of an American Coup D'État. The Atlantic. August 12, 2017 [2021-06-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-28）.
^ LeRae Umfleet. Wilmington Race Riot. NCPedia. 2006 [2021-06-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-13）.
^ Ronnie W. Faulkner. The Wilmington Race riot – 1898. NC Office of Archives and History. 2010 [2021-06-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-10）.
^ Will Doran. White supremacists took over a city – now NC is doing more to remember the deadly attack. The News & Observer. January 1, 2018 [2021-06-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-28）.
^ Andrew Morgan Benton. The Press and the Sword: Journalism, Racial Violence, and Political Control in Postbellum North Carolina (PDF). North Carolina State University. 2006 [2021-06-13]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-07-03）.

[NewYorker-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Collins, Lauren. A Buried Coup d'État in the United States. The New Yorker. September 19, 2016 [2021-06-13]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-21）.

[cf._Atlantic_Online-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Coates, Ta-Nehisi. Black Pathology Crowdsourced: Why we need historians in debates about today's cultures. April 4, 2014 [2021-06-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-19）.

[DeSantis-3] 3.0 ^3.1 John DeSantis, "Wilmington, N.C., Revisits a Bloody 1898 Day" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, The New York Times, pp. 1 and 33, June 4, 2006, accessed August 23, 2012

[NCHP-4] 4.0 ^4.1 McCoury, Kent. Alfred Moore Waddell (1834–1912). North Carolina History Project. [2021-06-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-09）.

[Furn-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Watson, Richard L. Jr. Lindsey Butler; Alan Watson , 編. Furnifold Simmons and the Politics of White Supremacy. In Race, Class and Politics in Southern History: Essays in Honor of Robert F. Durden, Jeffrey Crow et al (Louisiana State University Press). 1989.

[6] Waggoner, Martha. Marker calls 1898 violence a 'coup,' not a 'race riot'. ABC News. 5 November 2019 [8 November 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2019-11-09）（英語）. The state of North Carolina is moving away from using the phrase "race riot" to describe the violent overthrow of the Wilmington government in 1898 and is instead using the word "coup" on the highway historical marker that will commemorate the dark event. "You don't call it that anymore because the African Americans weren't rioting," said Ansley Herring Wegner, administrator of the North Carolina Highway Historical Marker Program. "They were being massacred."

[7] When white supremacists overthrew a government, [2019-09-08], （原始內容存檔於2020-06-23）（英語）

[NYT-8] Brent Staples. When Democracy Died in Wilmington, N.C.. The New York Times. 2006 [2021-06-13]. （原始內容存檔於2019-11-10）.

[NPR-9] How The Only Coup D'Etat In U.S. History Unfolded. National Public Radio. August 17, 2008 [2021-06-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-30）.

[Atlantic-10] LaFrance, Adrienne; Newkirk, Vann R. II. The Lost History of an American Coup D'État. The Atlantic. August 12, 2017 [2021-06-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-28）.

[Pedia-11] LeRae Umfleet. Wilmington Race Riot. NCPedia. 2006 [2021-06-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-13）.

[Pedia2-12] Ronnie W. Faulkner. The Wilmington Race riot – 1898. NC Office of Archives and History. 2010 [2021-06-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-10）.

[Coup-13] Will Doran. White supremacists took over a city – now NC is doing more to remember the deadly attack. The News & Observer. January 1, 2018 [2021-06-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-28）.

[Sword-14] Andrew Morgan Benton. The Press and the Sword: Journalism, Racial Violence, and Political Control in Postbellum North Carolina (PDF). North Carolina State University. 2006 [2021-06-13]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-07-03）.

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