草稿:架空歷史
架空歷史(英語:alternate history,也稱另類歷史)是推想虛構作品的一個分支,其中一個或多個歷史事件已經發生,但其解決方式與真實歷史不同。 [1][2][3][4][5]作為基於歷史事實的猜想,架空歷史故事對人類歷史上的重大事件提出了「如果 」假設,並呈現出與歷史記錄截然不同的結果。一些架空歷史作品被認為是科幻作品或歷史虛構作品的一個分支。
自20世紀50年代以來,作為科幻作品的一個分支,一些架空歷史故事的特點是歷史之間的時間旅行、特定宇宙中的居民對另一個宇宙存在的精神意識,以及將歷史劃分為不同時間流的時間旅行。[6]
定義
[編輯]架空歷史通常被描述為科幻作品的一個分支,它是一種虛構作品類型,作者在其中猜想,如果某一特定歷史事件的結果與現實生活中的結果不同,歷史進程可能會變成什麼樣子。[7]架空歷史需要三個條件:⑴與歷史記錄的分歧點早於作者寫作之前;⑵可能改變已知歷史的變化;⑶研究改變歷史的後果。[8]有時,某些類型的虛構作品會被誤認為是架空歷史,特別是科幻作品,故事背景設定在作者的未來,但對讀者來說現在是過去,如阿瑟·克拉克的1968年小說《2001:太空漫遊》、喬治·歐威爾的1949年小說《一九八四》和2009年電影《2012》,因為作者在寫這些故事時並沒有改變過去的真實歷史。[8]
與架空歷史類型類似的還有一種秘史類型——可以是虛構的,也可以是非虛構的——它記錄了歷史上可能發生的事件,但對記錄的歷史結果沒有影響。[8][9]架空歷史在主題上也與反事實歷史反事實歷史相關,但又有別於反事實歷史。反事實歷史是一種史學形式,它以推斷的時間軸上探討歷史事件,其中關鍵的歷史事件要麼沒有發生,要麼其結果與歷史記錄不同,從而了解到底發生了什麼。[10][11]
架空歷史的文學史
[編輯]中世紀以前至中世紀
[編輯]19世紀
[編輯]20世紀初和紙媒時代
[編輯]電視劇
[編輯]互聯網
[編輯]烏有史
[編輯]參見
[編輯]參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Allohistory. World Wide Words. 4 May 2002 [25 November 2012].
- ^ Alternative history. Collins English Dictionary. [15 January 2016]. (原始內容存檔於7 January 2016).
- ^ Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction (Oxford University Press, 2007) notes the preferred usage is "Alternate History", which was coined in 1954; "Alternative History" was first used in 1977, pp. 4–5.
- ^ Morton, Alison. Alternative history (AH/althist) handout (PDF). alison-morton.com/. 2014. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2022-10-09).
- ^ AH. The Free Dictionary. [2 January 2009]. (原始內容存檔於3 February 2013).
- ^ Time Travel, Alternate Histories, & Parallel Universes. Madison Public Library. 21 May 2020 [6 September 2023] (英語).
- ^ Alternative history. Collins English Dictionary. [15 January 2016]. (原始內容存檔於7 January 2016).
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Steven H Silver. Uchronicle. Helix. 1 July 2006 [26 May 2009].[永久失效連結] 引用錯誤:帶有name屬性「SHS」的
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標籤用不同內容定義了多次 - ^ Jorge Luis Borges Reviews by Evelyn C. Leeper. Leepers.us. [25 November 2012].
- ^ "It [alternative history] is, at the very root, the idea of conjecturing on what did not happen, or what might have happened, in order to understand what did happen."Black, Jeremy; MacRaild, Donald M. Studying History. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007: 125. ISBN 9780230364929.[永久失效連結]
- ^ Martin Bunzl, "Counterfactual History: A User's Guide", American Historical Review (2004) 109 No. 3, pp. 845–858 in JSTOR
更多閱讀
[編輯]- Chapman, Edgar L., and Carl B. Yoke (eds.). Classic and Iconoclastic Alternate History Science Fiction. Mellen, 2003.
- Collins, William Joseph. Paths Not Taken: The Development, Structure, and Aesthetics of the Alternative History. University of California, Davis 1990.
- Darius, Julian. "58 Varieties: Watchmen and Revisionism". In Minutes to Midnight: Twelve Essays on Watchmen. Sequart Research & Literacy Organization, 2010. Focuses on Watchmen as alternate history.
- Cowley, Robert, ed., What If? Military Historians Imagine What Might Have Been. Pan Books, 1999.
- Gevers, Nicholas. Mirrors of the Past: Versions of History in Science Fiction and Fantasy. University of Cape Town, 1997
- Hellekson, Karen. The Alternate History: Refiguring Historical Time. Kent State University Press, 2001
- Keen, Antony G. "Alternate Histories of the Roman Empire in Stephen Baxter, Robert Silverberg and Sophia McDougall". Foundation: The International Review of Science Fiction 102, Spring 2008.
- McKnight, Edgar Vernon Jr. Alternative History: The Development of a Literary Genre. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1994.
- Morgan, Glyn, and C. Palmer-Patel (eds.). Sideways in Time: Critical Essays on Alternate History Fiction. Liverpool University Press, 2019.
- Nedelkovh, Aleksandar B. British and American Science Fiction Novel 1950–1980 with the Theme of Alternative History (an Axiological Approach). 1994 (塞爾維亞語), 1999 (英語).
- Rosenfeld, Gavriel David. The World Hitler Never Made: Alternate History and the Memory of Nazism. 2005
- Rosenfeld, Gavriel David. "Why Do We Ask 'What If?' Reflections on the Function of Alternate History." History and Theory 41, Theme Issue 41: Unconventional History (December 2002), 90–103. .
- Schneider-Mayerson, Matthew. "What Almost Was: The Politics of the Contemporary Alternate History Novel". American Studies 30, 3–4 (Summer 2009), 63–83.
- Singles, Kathleen. Alternate History: Playing with Contingency and Necessity. De Gruyter, 2013.