瓦蟎敏感衛生
瓦蟎敏感衛生（Varroa sensitive hygiene，VSH）是蜜蜂抗擊瓦蟎的一種行為機制。最初稱為抑制瓦蟎繁殖（ Suppressed mite reproduction，SMR）[1][2]。具有VSH行為的蜂群能夠檢測並清除更多感染蜂蟎的蜜蜂后代，從而有效降低瓦蟎種群數量，使蜂群免受其危害。[3]
VSH行為的特徵主要包括檢測、開蓋、清除感染蜂蟎的幼蟲及其身上寄生的蜂蟎[2]。
行為調控機制
[編輯]VSH行為的觸發受到多種因素的調控，包括瓦蟎身上的化學線索、感染密度、巢房周圍環境等。此外，蜂群的強弱、不同抗蟎行為之間的互作也會影響VSH行為的觸發。[2]
瓦蟎身上的化學線索以及感染蜂蟎幼蟲或蛹時釋放的化合物是觸發VSH行為的主要因素[4][5]。研究發現，特定化合物的混合物能夠有效地觸發VSH行為[6]，而具有VSH行為的蜜蜂對相關化學物質顯示出左右觸角不對稱的氣味反應[7]。
通過基因組測序等方法，研究人員發現多個基因在VSH行為中發揮重要作用[8]。這些基因的表達調控與蜜蜂對瓦蟎的抵抗力密切相關[2]。
抗蟎蜜蜂遺傳育種
[編輯]抗性蜜蜂的培育是一項可持續的瓦蟎防治措施[9]。通過遺傳育種，可以培育出具有VSH特性的蜂群，從而增加蜜蜂對瓦蟎的抵抗力[10]。這種育種工作需要合適的測試性狀和育種計劃的有效協調，以及田間條件測試的遺傳力和實用性為出發點，結合當地實際情況進行綜合考慮[11]。
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Harbo, John R; Harris, Jeffrey W. Suppressed mite reproduction explained by the behaviour of adult bees. Journal of Apicultural Research. 2005-01, 44 (1): 21–23. doi:10.1080/00218839.2005.11101141.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 張立富; 韓日疇， 李文峰. 蜜蜂瓦螨敏感卫生行为研究进展. 環境昆蟲學報. 2023, 45 (3): 631–638 [2024-03-20].
- ^ Harbo, John R.; Harris, Jeffrey W. Responses to Varroa by honey bees with different levels of Varroa Sensitive Hygiene. Journal of Apicultural Research. 2009-01, 48 (3): 156–161. doi:10.3896/IBRA.1.48.3.02.
- ^ Rosenkranz, Peter; Tewarson, Naresh C; Singh, Anirud; Engels, Wolf. Differential hygienic behaviour towards Varroa jacobsoni in capped worker brood of Apis cerana depends on alien scent adhering to the mites. Journal of Apicultural Research. 1993-01, 32 (2): 89–93. doi:10.1080/00218839.1993.11101292.
- ^ Wagoner, KM; Spivak, M; Rueppell, O. Brood Affects Hygienic Behavior in the Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae).. Journal of economic entomology. 2018-12-14, 111 (6): 2520–2530. PMID 30212863. doi:10.1093/jee/toy266.
- ^ Wagoner, K; Millar, JG; Keller, J; Bello, J; Waiker, P; Schal, C; Spivak, M; Rueppell, O. Hygiene-Eliciting Brood Semiochemicals as a Tool for Assaying Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Colony Resistance to Varroa (Mesostigmata: Varroidae).. Journal of insect science (Online). 2021-11-01, 21 (6). PMID 34723332. doi:10.1093/jisesa/ieab064.
- ^ Mondet, F; Blanchard, S; Barthes, N; Beslay, D; Bordier, C; Costagliola, G; Hervé, MR; Lapeyre, B; Kim, SH; Basso, B; Mercer, AR; Le Conte, Y. Chemical detection triggers honey bee defense against a destructive parasitic threat.. Nature chemical biology. 2021-05, 17 (5): 524–530. PMID 33495646. doi:10.1038/s41589-020-00720-3.
- ^ Le Conte, Y; Alaux, C; Martin, JF; Harbo, JR; Harris, JW; Dantec, C; Séverac, D; Cros-Arteil, S; Navajas, M. Social immunity in honeybees (Apis mellifera): transcriptome analysis of varroa-hygienic behaviour.. Insect molecular biology. 2011-06, 20 (3): 399–408. PMID 21435061. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2583.2011.01074.x.
- ^ Guichard, M; Dietemann, V; Neuditschko, M; Dainat, B. Advances and perspectives in selecting resistance traits against the parasitic mite Varroa destructor in honey bees.. Genetics, selection, evolution : GSE. 2020-11-27, 52 (1): 71. PMID 33246402. doi:10.1186/s12711-020-00591-1.
- ^ Harbo, JR; Harris, JW. Resistance to Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) when mite-resistant queen honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) were free-mated with unselected drones.. Journal of economic entomology. 2001-12, 94 (6): 1319–23. PMID 11777031. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-94.6.1319.
- ^ Büchler, Ralph; Berg, Stefan; Le Conte, Yves. Breeding for resistance to Varroa destructor in Europe. Apidologie. 2010-05, 41 (3): 393–408. doi:10.1051/apido/2010011.