警察軍事化

警察軍事化（英語：Militarization of Police），指警察或執法人員使用軍事設備和軍事戰術，這包括使用裝甲輸送車、突擊步槍、衝鋒鎗、閃光手榴彈、^[1]^[2]榴彈發射器、^[3] 狙擊步槍及特種武器和戰術（特警）的裝備。^[4]^[5]

手段

這種軍事化的執法方式，也可以如情報機構般，記錄公共和政治活動家參與的公眾活動^[6]^[7]，甚至採用更激烈的執法方式。^[8]^[9] 刑事司法教授彼得Kraska將警察軍事化定義為「民警越來越採用類似軍國主義和軍事模式」的方式執法及採集情報。^[10]觀察員發現社會越來越以軍事化方式維持治安及監察示威者。^[11]^[12] 自1970年代以來，防暴警察開始向抗議者使用槍支與發射橡膠子彈或塑料子彈。^[13] 催淚氣體由美國軍隊於1919年研發，目的是用於控制騷亂，在2000年代後被廣泛用來對付示威者。在戰爭中使用催淚瓦斯是被多項國際條約所禁止的^[14]，且大多數國家已簽署；然而，用於執法或用於國內的非作戰軍事用途的情況下是允許的。

反響

美國兩大政黨已對警察軍事化有密切關注。美國的卡托研究所和美國公民自由聯盟均表達了對這種做法的批評。美國警察同業會表示，執法人員配以軍事裝備，可保障自身安全，並使他們能夠保護公眾及其他前線人員（如消防隊員和應急醫療服務的人員）。然而，2017年的一項研究顯示，不論當地的犯罪率如何，警察部隊若配以軍事裝備，將更有可能遇上來自公眾的暴力。^[15]

參考

^ SAS - Weapons - Flash Bang | Stun Grenade (The British Army's SAS developed flashbang grenades). Eliteukforces.info. [May 29, 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-31）.
^ The flash from a flashbang grenade detonation momentarily activates all photoreceptor cells in the eye, making vision impossible for approximately five seconds, until the eye restores itself to its normal, unstimulated state. The loud blast is meant to cause temporary loss of hearing, and also disturbs the fluid in the ear, causing loss of balance. The concussive blast of the detonation can still injure, and the heat created can ignite flammable materials.
^ Texas Rangers, Department of Public Safety, Branch Davidian Evidence （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Investigative Report No. 1, September 1999; Investigative Report No. 2, January 2000 (PDFs available at Texas Rangers website). The Rangers found that the FBI used grenade launchers to fire two 40 mm M651 grenades. The Army considers the M651 a pyrotechnic device and that it is known to cause fires. The Army Tech Manual for the M651 warns that it can penetrate 3/4" plywood at 200 meters and "projectile may explode upon target impact." During inventory of the Waco evidence the Texas Rangers also found flashbang grenades.
^ James Joyner. Militarization of Police. Outside the Beltway. June 15, 2011 [2020-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-21）.
^ Paul D. Shinkman. Ferguson and the Militarization of Police. U.S. News and World Report. August 14, 2014 [2020-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2017-09-06）.
^ Michael German. Why Police Spying On Americans Is Everyone's Problem. Defense One. December 18, 2014 [2020-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2015-01-23）.
^ Josh Peterson. State lawmakers push to rein in police spying. Fox News Channel. March 25, 2014 [2020-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2015-03-17）.
^ Ryan Van Velzer. ACLU: Free military weapons making Arizona police more aggressive. The Arizona Republic. June 24, 2014 [2020-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-28）.
^ Jodie Gummow. 11 over-the-top U.S. police raids that victimized innocents. Salon. August 29, 2013 [2020-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2015-01-20）.
^ GLENN GREENWALD. THE MILITARIZATION OF U.S. POLICE: FINALLY DRAGGED INTO THE LIGHT BY THE HORRORS OF FERGUSON. The Intercept. August 14, 2014 [2020-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2015-01-11）.
^ Crisis and Control. uchicago.edu. [2020-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2016-05-10）.
^ Congress scrutinizes police militarization before planned Ferguson protest. aljazeera.com. [2020-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2016-01-14）.
^ http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/plastic+bullet （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） "A solid PVC cylinder, 10 cm long and 38 mm in diameter, fired by police or military forces to regain control in riots."
^ e.g. the Geneva Protocol of 1925: 'Prohibited the use of "asphyxiating gas, or any other kind of gas, liquids, substances or similar materials"'
^ Ryan Welch and Jack Mewhirter. Does military equipment lead police officers to be more violent? We did the research.. The Washington Post. June 30, 2017 [2020-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2017-06-30）.

參見

[1] SAS - Weapons - Flash Bang | Stun Grenade (The British Army's SAS developed flashbang grenades). Eliteukforces.info. [May 29, 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-31）.

[2] The flash from a flashbang grenade detonation momentarily activates all photoreceptor cells in the eye, making vision impossible for approximately five seconds, until the eye restores itself to its normal, unstimulated state. The loud blast is meant to cause temporary loss of hearing, and also disturbs the fluid in the ear, causing loss of balance. The concussive blast of the detonation can still injure, and the heat created can ignite flammable materials.

[3] Texas Rangers, Department of Public Safety, Branch Davidian Evidence （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Investigative Report No. 1, September 1999; Investigative Report No. 2, January 2000 (PDFs available at Texas Rangers website). The Rangers found that the FBI used grenade launchers to fire two 40 mm M651 grenades. The Army considers the M651 a pyrotechnic device and that it is known to cause fires. The Army Tech Manual for the M651 warns that it can penetrate 3/4" plywood at 200 meters and "projectile may explode upon target impact." During inventory of the Waco evidence the Texas Rangers also found flashbang grenades.

[4] James Joyner. Militarization of Police. Outside the Beltway. June 15, 2011 [2020-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-21）.

[5] Paul D. Shinkman. Ferguson and the Militarization of Police. U.S. News and World Report. August 14, 2014 [2020-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2017-09-06）.

[6] Michael German. Why Police Spying On Americans Is Everyone's Problem. Defense One. December 18, 2014 [2020-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2015-01-23）.

[7] Josh Peterson. State lawmakers push to rein in police spying. Fox News Channel. March 25, 2014 [2020-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2015-03-17）.

[8] Ryan Van Velzer. ACLU: Free military weapons making Arizona police more aggressive. The Arizona Republic. June 24, 2014 [2020-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-28）.

[9] Jodie Gummow. 11 over-the-top U.S. police raids that victimized innocents. Salon. August 29, 2013 [2020-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2015-01-20）.

[10] GLENN GREENWALD. THE MILITARIZATION OF U.S. POLICE: FINALLY DRAGGED INTO THE LIGHT BY THE HORRORS OF FERGUSON. The Intercept. August 14, 2014 [2020-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2015-01-11）.

[auto-11] Crisis and Control. uchicago.edu. [2020-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2016-05-10）.

[auto1-12] Congress scrutinizes police militarization before planned Ferguson protest. aljazeera.com. [2020-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2016-01-14）.

[13] ttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/plastic+bullet （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） "A solid PVC cylinder, 10 cm long and 38 mm in diameter, fired by police or military forces to regain control in riots."

[14] .g. the Geneva Protocol of 1925: 'Prohibited the use of "asphyxiating gas, or any other kind of gas, liquids, substances or similar materials"'

[15] Ryan Welch and Jack Mewhirter. Does military equipment lead police officers to be more violent? We did the research.. The Washington Post. June 30, 2017 [2020-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2017-06-30）.

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