雪丘島組

雪丘島組
地層年代：早馬斯垂克期
71.2–70.8 Ma

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雪丘島組; 地層年代：早馬斯垂克期; 71.2–70.8 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ▼
	雪丘島組古環境復原圖
類型	層
屬於	馬蘭比奧群島
包含	加馬山段 & 赫伯特灣段
上覆	貝托達諾組（英語：Lopez de Bertodano Formation）
下伏	聖塔瑪爾塔組（英語：Santa Marta Formation）
岩性
主要	砂岩
次要	泥岩
地點
經緯度	63°54′S 57°54′W / 63.9°S 57.9°W
地區	詹姆斯羅斯島、詹姆斯羅斯群島
國家	南極洲
	; 南極洲西摩島地圖，暗綠色區塊為雪丘島組

雪丘島組（英文：Snow Hill Island Formation）為地層年代屬於早馬斯垂克期的地層，位於南極洲的詹姆斯羅斯島及詹姆斯羅斯群島^[1]。於雪丘島組所發現的化石包括獸腳亞目近鳥類的南極強戰龍^[2]、鳥腳亞目薄板類的聖瑪爾塔特立尼龍、比斯科夫龍與南極莫羅龍、甲龍亞目的奧氏南極甲龍、七鰓齒鯊屬（英語：Notidanodon）物種等。其他化石則包括薄板龍科未定名種^[3] 、岩盔龍類未定名種及翼龍目未定名種^[4]。

在雪丘島組的赫伯特灣段中，則發現有雙殼綱、菊石及魚類的化石^[5]。

已發現的化石

脊椎動物

蛇頸龍目

中文名	學名	發現地	標本	備註	圖片
薄板龍科未定名種	Elasmosauridae Gen. et. sp. indet.		一節頸椎及部分肋骨MLP 11-II-20-4 兩節頸椎MLP 86-X-28-3 10節後部頸椎及3節胸椎、2節背椎、肋骨、與其他無法辨認的碎片MLP 86-X-28-(2-6)^[6]
莫莉維加龍（英語：Vegasaurus）	Vegasaurus molyi	維加島蘭布角段	部分骨骼化石MLP 93-I-5-1

滄龍超科

中文名	學名	發現地	標本	備註	圖片
南極海怪龍	Taniwhasaurus antarcticus^[7]	詹姆斯羅斯島			Taniwhasaurus

恐龍總目

中文名	學名	發現地	標本	備註	圖片
蘭布角南極鳥	Antarcticavis capelambensis^[8]	維加島蘭布角段	部分骨骼化石SDSM 78147
奧氏南極甲龍	Antarctopelta oliveroi	詹姆斯羅斯島聖瑪爾塔灣	正模標本MLP 86-X-28-1		Antarctopelta_Size_Comparison
比斯科夫龍	Biscoveosaurus	維加島蘭布角段^[9]^[10]
禽龍科未定名種	Iguanodontidae	維加島蘭布角段
南極強戰龍	Imperobator antarcticus	維加島蘭布角段, Naze Peninsula.^[11]	單一標本UCMP 276000
南極莫羅龍	Morrosaurus antarcticus	維加島蘭布角段^[12]	部分右後腿^[12]
聖瑪爾塔特立尼龍	Trinisaura santamartaensis	詹姆斯羅斯島聖瑪爾塔灣		化石於地層組中較古老的地層發現^[13]。

魚類

中文名	學名	發現地	標本
贊氏銀鮫	Chimaera zangerli	詹姆斯羅斯島聖瑪爾塔灣
湯氏皺鰓鯊	Chlamydoselachus thompsoni	詹姆斯羅斯島聖瑪爾塔灣	完整齒式
雪丘基齒鮫（英語：Edaphodon）	Edaphodon snowhillensis	赫伯特灣段^[14]	完整齒式^[14]
齒七鰓齒鯊（英語：Notidanodon）	Notidanodon dentatus	維加島蘭布角段

翼龍目

中文名	學名	發現地	標本	備註	圖片
翼手龍亞目未定名種	Pterodactyloidea gen. et sp. Indet.	維加島蘭布角段	第四掌骨MN 7801-V^[15]	從遺骸推測個體翼展可達4至5米（13至16呎）^[15]。

無脊椎動物

中文名	學名	發現地	標本	備註	圖片
	Fungiacyathus（英語：Fungiacyathus） deltoidophorus	卡爾森崖段^[16]
石珊瑚目未定名種	Scleractinia indet.	卡爾森崖段^[16]

參考文獻

^ di Pasquo, M.; Martin, J.E. Palynoassemblages Associated with a Theropod Dinosaur from the Snow Hill Island Formation (lower Maastrichtian) at the Naze, James Ross Island, Antarctica. Cretaceous Research. 2013, 45: 135–154. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2013.07.008.
^ Ely & Case, 2019
^ O'Gorman, 2012, p.2
^ Reguero, Marcelo & Gasparini, Zulma & Olivero, Eduardo & Coria, Rodolfo & Fernandez, Marta & O'Gorman, José & Gouiric Cavalli, Soledad & Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina & Bona, Paula & Iglesias, Ari & Gelfo, Javier N. & Raffi, María & Moly, Juan. (2022). Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian Vertebrates From The James Ross Basin, West Antarctica: Updated Synthesis, Biostratigraphy, And Paleobiogeography. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 20211142. 10.1590/0001-3765202220211142.
^ O'Gorman, 2012, p.3
^ O'Gorman, J.P. 2012. The oldest elasmosaurs (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from Antarctica, Santa Marta Formation (upper Coniacian? Santonian-?upper Campanian) and Snow Hill Island Formation (upper Campanian-?lower Maastrichtian), James Ross Island （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Polar Research 31. 1–10. Accessed 2019-04-13. doi:10.3402/polar.v31i0.11090
^ Fernando E. Novas; Marta S. Fernandez; Zulma B. de Gasparini; Juan M. Lirio; Héctor J. Nuñez; Pablo Puerta (2002). "Lakumasaurus antarcticus, n. gen. et sp., a new mosasaur (Reptilia, Squamata) from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica". Ameghiniana. 39 (2): 245–249. hdl:11336/136746. S2CID 128304133.
^ Amanda Cordes-Person; Carolina Acosta Hospitaleche; Judd Case; James Martin (2020). "An enigmatic bird from the lower Maastrichtian of Vega Island, Antarctica". Cretaceous Research. 108: Article 104314. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104314.
^ Lamanna, Matthew C.; Case, Judd A.; Roberts, Eric M.; Arbour, Victoria M.; Ely, Ricardo C.; Salisbury, Steven W.; Clarke, Julia A.; Malinzak, D. Edward; West, Abagael R.; O'connor, Patrick M. (2019). "Late Cretaceous non-avian dinosaurs from the James Ross Basin, Antarctica: description of new material, updated synthesis, biostratigraphy, and paleobiogeography （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）". Advances in Polar Science. 30 (3): 228–250. doi:10.13679/j.advps.2019.0007.
^ Stilwell, Jeffrey D.; Long, John A. Frozen in Time: Prehistoric Life in Antarctica. Csiro Publishing. 2011-10-12 [2023-06-17]. ISBN 978-0-643-10402-0. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-12）（英語）.
^ Ely, Ricardo C.; Case, Judd A. Phylogeny of a new gigantic paravian (Theropoda; Coelurosauria; Maniraptora) from the Upper Cretaceous of James Ross Island, Antarctica. Cretaceous Research. 2019-09-01, 101: 1–16 [2023-06-17]. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 146325060. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.04.003. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-25）（英語）.
^ ^12.0 ^12.1 Rozadilla, Sebastián; Agnolin, Federico L.; Novas, Fernando E.; Aranciaga Rolando, Alexis M.; Motta, Matías J.; Lirio, Juan M.; Isasi, Marcelo P. A new ornithopod (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica and its palaeobiogeographical implications. Cretaceous Research. 2016-01-01, 57: 311–324 [2023-06-17]. ISSN 0195-6671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.09.009. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-02）（英語）.
^ Coria, Rodolfo A.; Moly, Juan J.; Reguero, Marcelo; Santillana, Sergio; Marenssi, Sergio. A new ornithopod (Dinosauria; Ornithischia) from Antarctica. Cretaceous Research. 2013-04-01, 41: 186–193 [2023-06-17]. ISSN 0195-6671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.004. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-31）（英語）.
^ ^14.0 ^14.1 Gouiric-Cavalli, Soledad; Cabrera, Daniel A.; Cione, Alberto L.; O'Gorman, José P.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Fernández, Marta. The first record of the chimaeroid genus Edaphodon (Chondrichthyes, Holocephali) from Antarctica (Snow Hill Island Formation, Late Cretaceous, James Ross Island). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2015-09-03, 35 (5): e981128. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 129091192. doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.981128.
^ ^15.0 ^15.1 KELLNER, ALEXANDER W.A.; RODRIGUES, TAISSA; COSTA, FABIANA R.; WEINSCHÜTZ, LUIZ C.; FIGUEIREDO, RODRIGO G.; SOUZA, GEOVANE A. DE; BRUM, ARTHUR S.; ELEUTÉRIO, LÚCIA H.S.; MUELLER, CARSTEN W.; SAYÃO, JULIANA M. Pterodactyloid pterosaur bones from Cretaceous deposits of the Antarctic Peninsula. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 2019, 91 (suppl 2): e20191300. ISSN 1678-2690. PMID 31800676. S2CID 208642733. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201920191300 .
^ ^16.0 ^16.1 Videira-Santos, Roberto; Tobin, Thomas S.; Scheffler, Sandro Marcelo. New occurrences of caryophylliid and fungiacyathid scleractinian corals from the Santa Marta and Snow Hill Island formations (Upper Cretaceous, Antarctica). Cretaceous Research. 2022-08-14, 140: 105338. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 251576799. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105338 （英語）.

參考書目

Ely, Ricardo C., and Judd A. Case. 2019. Phylogeny of a new gigantic paravian (Theropoda; Coelurosauria; Maniraptora) from the Upper Cretaceous of James Ross Island, Antarctica. Cretaceous Research 101. 1–16 doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.04.003
O'Gorman, J.P. 2012. The oldest elasmosaurs (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from Antarctica, Santa Marta Formation (upper Coniacian? Santonian-?upper Campanian) and Snow Hill Island Formation (upper Campanian-?lower Maastrichtian), James Ross Island. Polar Research 31. 1–10. Accessed 2019-04-13. doi:10.3402/polar.v31i0.11090
Pirrie, D.; J.A. Crame; S.A. Lomas, and J.B. Riding. 1997. Late Cretaceous stratigraphy of the Admiralty Sound region, James Ross Basin, Antarctica. Cretaceous Research 18. 109–137 doi:10.1006/cres.1996.0052

延伸閱讀

D. Néraudeau, A. Crame, and M. Kooser. 2000. Upper Cretaceous echinoids from James Ross Basin, Antarctica. Géobios 33(4):455-466 doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(00)80079-0
R. A. Otero, S. Soto-Acuna, A. O. Vargas, D. Rubilar Rogers, R. E. Yury Yanez and C. S. Gutstein. 2013. Additions to the diversity of elasmosaurid plesiosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica. Gondwana Research doi:10.1016/j.gr.2013.07.016

[1] Pasquo, M.; Martin, J.E. Palynoassemblages Associated with a Theropod Dinosaur from the Snow Hill Island Formation (lower Maastrichtian) at the Naze, James Ross Island, Antarctica. Cretaceous Research. 2013, 45: 135–154. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2013.07.008.

[Ely2019-2] Ely & Case, 2019

[OGorman2012_p2-3] O'Gorman, 2012, p.2

[4] Reguero, Marcelo & Gasparini, Zulma & Olivero, Eduardo & Coria, Rodolfo & Fernandez, Marta & O'Gorman, José & Gouiric Cavalli, Soledad & Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina & Bona, Paula & Iglesias, Ari & Gelfo, Javier N. & Raffi, María & Moly, Juan. (2022). Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian Vertebrates From The James Ross Basin, West Antarctica: Updated Synthesis, Biostratigraphy, And Paleobiogeography. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 20211142. 10.1590/0001-3765202220211142.

[OGorman2012_p3-5] O'Gorman, 2012, p.3

[6] O'Gorman, J.P. 2012. The oldest elasmosaurs (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from Antarctica, Santa Marta Formation (upper Coniacian? Santonian-?upper Campanian) and Snow Hill Island Formation (upper Campanian-?lower Maastrichtian), James Ross Island （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Polar Research 31. 1–10. Accessed 2019-04-13. doi:10.3402/polar.v31i0.11090

[7] Fernando E. Novas; Marta S. Fernandez; Zulma B. de Gasparini; Juan M. Lirio; Héctor J. Nuñez; Pablo Puerta (2002). "Lakumasaurus antarcticus, n. gen. et sp., a new mosasaur (Reptilia, Squamata) from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica". Ameghiniana. 39 (2): 245–249. hdl:11336/136746. S2CID 128304133.

[8] Amanda Cordes-Person; Carolina Acosta Hospitaleche; Judd Case; James Martin (2020). "An enigmatic bird from the lower Maastrichtian of Vega Island, Antarctica". Cretaceous Research. 108: Article 104314. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104314.

[9] Lamanna, Matthew C.; Case, Judd A.; Roberts, Eric M.; Arbour, Victoria M.; Ely, Ricardo C.; Salisbury, Steven W.; Clarke, Julia A.; Malinzak, D. Edward; West, Abagael R.; O'connor, Patrick M. (2019). "Late Cretaceous non-avian dinosaurs from the James Ross Basin, Antarctica: description of new material, updated synthesis, biostratigraphy, and paleobiogeography （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）". Advances in Polar Science. 30 (3): 228–250. doi:10.13679/j.advps.2019.0007.

[10] Stilwell, Jeffrey D.; Long, John A. Frozen in Time: Prehistoric Life in Antarctica. Csiro Publishing. 2011-10-12 [2023-06-17]. ISBN 978-0-643-10402-0. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-12）（英語）.

[11] Ely, Ricardo C.; Case, Judd A. Phylogeny of a new gigantic paravian (Theropoda; Coelurosauria; Maniraptora) from the Upper Cretaceous of James Ross Island, Antarctica. Cretaceous Research. 2019-09-01, 101: 1–16 [2023-06-17]. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 146325060. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.04.003. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-25）（英語）.

[:1-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Rozadilla, Sebastián; Agnolin, Federico L.; Novas, Fernando E.; Aranciaga Rolando, Alexis M.; Motta, Matías J.; Lirio, Juan M.; Isasi, Marcelo P. A new ornithopod (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica and its palaeobiogeographical implications. Cretaceous Research. 2016-01-01, 57: 311–324 [2023-06-17]. ISSN 0195-6671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.09.009. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-02）（英語）.

[13] Coria, Rodolfo A.; Moly, Juan J.; Reguero, Marcelo; Santillana, Sergio; Marenssi, Sergio. A new ornithopod (Dinosauria; Ornithischia) from Antarctica. Cretaceous Research. 2013-04-01, 41: 186–193 [2023-06-17]. ISSN 0195-6671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.004. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-31）（英語）.

[:3-14] 14.0 ^14.1 Gouiric-Cavalli, Soledad; Cabrera, Daniel A.; Cione, Alberto L.; O'Gorman, José P.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Fernández, Marta. The first record of the chimaeroid genus Edaphodon (Chondrichthyes, Holocephali) from Antarctica (Snow Hill Island Formation, Late Cretaceous, James Ross Island). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2015-09-03, 35 (5): e981128. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 129091192. doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.981128.

[:2-15] 15.0 ^15.1 KELLNER, ALEXANDER W.A.; RODRIGUES, TAISSA; COSTA, FABIANA R.; WEINSCHÜTZ, LUIZ C.; FIGUEIREDO, RODRIGO G.; SOUZA, GEOVANE A. DE; BRUM, ARTHUR S.; ELEUTÉRIO, LÚCIA H.S.; MUELLER, CARSTEN W.; SAYÃO, JULIANA M. Pterodactyloid pterosaur bones from Cretaceous deposits of the Antarctic Peninsula. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 2019, 91 (suppl 2): e20191300. ISSN 1678-2690. PMID 31800676. S2CID 208642733. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201920191300 .

[:0-16] 16.0 ^16.1 Videira-Santos, Roberto; Tobin, Thomas S.; Scheffler, Sandro Marcelo. New occurrences of caryophylliid and fungiacyathid scleractinian corals from the Santa Marta and Snow Hill Island formations (Upper Cretaceous, Antarctica). Cretaceous Research. 2022-08-14, 140: 105338. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 251576799. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105338 （英語）.

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