内视现象
外观
内视现象(Entoptic phenomenon)是一种由人眼本身的内部造成的视觉效果。(有时也称为entopic phenomenon ,可能是印刷错误。)
用亥姆霍兹话来说:“在合适的条件下,落在眼睛上的光线可能致使我们得以看见眼睛内的某些物体。这些知觉称为“内视”(entoptical)。”
概述
[编辑]内视影像所投射在视网膜上的影像有其物理基础,这与由视觉系统引起的视错觉不同,视错觉的特点是视知觉似乎与现实不同。内视影像则是由观察者自己眼睛内部的现象引起的,这种影像与视错觉和幻觉有个共同之处,观察者都无法与其他人分享对于这种现象的直接和特定的观点。
亥姆霍兹
说明了某些观察者可轻易看见而其他人却完全看不到的内视现象。这种差异不足为奇,因为产生这些影像的眼睛,在具体的层面上对每个人来说都是独一无二的。由于个体之间有所差异,加上两个观察者无法共享一个几乎相同的刺激,所以这些现象与大多数视觉感觉不同,也不同于大多数借由观察共同刺激所产生的视错觉。不过主要的内视现象之间有充足的共性,现在已能令人满意地解释其物理成因。例子
[编辑]内视效应的一些例子包括:
-
飞蚊症描绘
-
柏金氏树(Purkinje tree)描绘
参见
[编辑]- 关于鬼的科学解释
- 耳内现象(Endaural phenomena)
- 结构衡量(Form Constant)
- 临睡幻觉(hypnagogia)
- 感觉剥夺箱(Isolation tank)
- 囚人戏剧(prisoner's cinema)
- 闪烁的视野缺损(scintillating scotoma)
- 视雪症
- 蓝天内视现象
- 飞蚊症
- 《论色彩学》(Theory of Colours)
参考文献
[编辑]- Jan E. Purkyně, 1823: Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Sehens in subjectiver Hinsicht in Beobachtungen und Versuche zur Physiologie der Sinne, In Commission der J.G. Calve'schen Buchhandlung, Prag.
- H. von Helmholtz, Handbuch der Physiologischen Optik, published as "Helmholtz's Treatise on Physiological Optics, Translated from the Third German Edition," ed. James P. C. Southall; 1925; The Optical Society of America.
- Leonard Zusne, 1990: Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking; Lea; ISBN 0-8058-0508-7 [2] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Becker, O., 1860, “Über Wahrnehmung eines Reflexbildes im eigenen Auge [About perception of a reflected image in your own eye],” Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift, pp. 670 672 & 684 688.
- M. Tscherning, 1920, Physiologic Optics; Third Edition, (English translation by C. Weiland). Philadelphia: Keystone Publishing Co. pp. 55–56.
- White, Harvey E., and Levatin, Paul, 1962, "'Floaters' in the eye," Scientific American, Vol. 206, No. 6, June, 1962, pp. 199 127.
- Duke Elder, W. S. (ed.), 1962, System of Ophthalmology, Volume 7, The Foundations of Ophthalmology: heredity pathology diagnosis and therapeutics, St. Louis, The C.V. Mosby Company. p450.
- Snodderly, D.M., Weinhaus, R.S., & Choi, J.C. (1992). Neural-vascular relationships in central retina of Macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Journal of Neuroscience, 12(4), 1169-1193. Available online at: http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/reprint/12/4/1169.pdf.
- Sinclair, S.H., Azar-Cavanagh, M., Soper, K.A., Tuma, R.F., & Mayrovitz, H.N. (1989). Investigation of the source of the blue field entoptic phenomenon. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 30(4), 668-673. Available online at: http://www.iovs.org/ (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- Giles Skey Brindley, Physiology of the Retina and Visual Pathway, 2nd ed. (Edward Arnold Ltd., London, 1970), pp. 140–141.
- Bill Reid, “Haidinger's brush,” Physics Teacher, Vol. 28, p. 598 (Dec. 1990).
- Walker, J., 1984, “How to stop a spinning object by humming and perceive curious blue arcs around the light,” Scientific American, February, Vol. 250, No. 2, pp. 136 138, 140, 141, 143, 144, 148.
外部链接
[编辑]- 医学主题词表(MeSH):Entoptic+Vision
- Picture of the entoptic phenomenon: Vitreous Floaters (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (PDF file, requires an Acrobat Reader or plugin)
- Diagram of entoptic subjective visual phenomena (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Video describing history and science of first entoptic viewing technique (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Video describing history and science of second entoptic viewing technique (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- The Relation Between Migraine, Typical Migraine Aura and “Visual Snow” (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)