拉脱维亚语正写法
拉脱维亚语正写法（Latvian orthography）是拉脱维亚语基于德语音位正写法的正写法系统；不过拉特加利亚方言（Latgalian）却是使用波兰语正写法的原则编写。当今的拉脱维亚语正写法是由里加拉脱维亚协会知识委员会于1908年所发展出的，并于同年在卡尔利斯·米伦巴赫斯与亚尼斯·恩泽林斯的领导下由正写法委员会批准。[1]拉脱维亚语正写法的基础是植基于拉丁文字，并于1920年至1922年在拉脱维亚共和国通过法律核准之下引入。在大多数情况下，拉脱维亚语正写法是语音结构性的正写法，也因此拉脱维亚语正写法是遵循语言的语音架构之下进行之。
拉脱维亚语字母
[编辑]到目前拉脱维亚语标准字母有由33个字母。
| 大写字形（亦称为大写或大写字母） | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A | Ā | B | C | Č | D | E | Ē | F | G | Ģ | H | I | Ī | J | K | Ķ | L | Ļ | M | N | Ņ | O | P | R | S | Š | T | U | Ū | V | Z | Ž |
| 小写字形（亦称为小写或小写字母） | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | ā | b | c | č | d | e | ē | f | g | ģ | h | i | ī | j | k | ķ | l | ļ | m | n | ņ | o | p | r | s | š | t | u | ū | v | z | ž |
| 字母名称读法 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | garais ā | bē | cē | čē | dē | e | garais ē | ef | gā | ģē | hā | i | garais ī | jē | kā | ķē | el | eļ | em | en | eņ | o | pē | er | es | eš | tē | u | garais ū | vē | zē | žē |
语音对应表
[编辑]元音
[编辑]| 字形 | IPA | 英文近似语音及说明 |
|---|---|---|
| a | [ɑ] | like father, but shorter |
| ā | [ɑː] | car |
| e | [e] | elephant |
| [æ] | map | |
| ē | [eː] | similar to play |
| [æː] | like bad, but longer | |
| i | [i] | Between it and eat |
| ī | [iː] | each |
| o | [uɔ̯̯] | tour (some dialects) |
| [o] | not (some dialects) | |
| [oː] | though; boat | |
| u | [u] | between look and Luke |
| ū | [uː] | you |
辅音
[编辑]| 字形 | IPA | 英文近似语音及说明 |
|---|---|---|
| b | [b] | brother |
| c | [t̪͡s̪] | like cats, with the tongue touching the teeth |
| č | [t͡ʃ] | chair |
| d | [d̪] | like door, with the tongue touching the teeth |
| dz | [d̪͡z̪] | like lids, with the tongue touching the teeth |
| dž | [d͡ʒ] | jog |
| f | [f] | finger |
| g | [ɡ] | gap |
| ģ | [ɟ] | between duty (without yod-dropping) and argue |
| h | [x] | loch (Scottish English) |
| j | [j] | yawn |
| k | [k] | cat |
| ķ | [c] | similar to skew |
| l | [l] | lamp |
| ļ | [ʎ] | similar to William |
| m | [m] | male |
| n | [n̪], [ŋ] | like nail, with the tongue touching the teeth, or sing |
| ņ | [ɲ] | jalapeño |
| p | [p] | peace |
| r | [r], [rʲ] | rolled r, like Spanish perro or Scottish English curd |
| s | [s̪] | like sock, with the tongue touching the teeth |
| š | [ʃ] | shadow |
| t | [t̪] | like table, with the tongue touching the teeth |
| v | [v] | vacuum |
| z | [z̪] | like zebra, with the tongue touching the teeth |
| ž | [ʒ] | vision |
旧正写法
[编辑]
旧式的拉脱维亚语拼写法是植基于德语的拼写法，但是不能完全表示拉脱维亚语的音位。
电脑编码
[编辑]- ā, ē, ī, ū - aa, ee, ii, uu
- ļ, ņ, ģ, ķ - lj, nj, gj, kj
- š - sh (同于 ss, sj, 等等)
键盘配置
[编辑]
注释
[编辑]- ^ Vēsture. Latvian Language Agency. [18 March 2018]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-11） （拉脱维亚语）.
