法韦拉

法韦拉（葡萄牙语：favela，发音：[fɐˈvɛlɐ]）是巴西几种贫困社区的统称，其通常建在大城市的郊区，环境恶劣，犯罪猖獗。此外，位于山坡上的法韦拉经常面临洪水和山体滑坡的威胁^[1]。

“法韦拉”一词可以追溯到19世纪末的里约热内卢^[2]。1897年，一些参加过卡努杜斯战争的士兵返回里约热内卢，定居在里约热内卢市中心的普罗维登西亚山（英语：Morro da Providência）上搭建的临时建筑中^[3]。此前服役期间，这些士兵曾驻扎在一个名为“法韦拉山”（Morro da Favela）的山丘。“法韦拉”在葡萄牙语中是栎叶花棘麻（英语：Cnidoscolus quercifolius）的俗名，这是一种当地常见的大戟科植物，其与皮肤接触时会引起刺激^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]。当这些士兵返回里约热内卢并定居在普罗维登西亚山上后，便将该山昵称为“法韦拉山”^[3]。到了20世纪20年代，布满棚屋的山丘也开始被称为“法韦拉”^[3]。

大多数现代法韦拉出现在20世纪70年代，原因是当时巴西农村人口外流，许多人离开农村地区，搬进城市。由于找不到住处，许多人住进了郊区^[7]。根据巴西国家地理与统计局 (IBGE) 2011年12月发布的人口普查数据显示，2010年，巴西约有6%的人口居住在法韦拉和其他贫民窟。巴西5565个市镇中323个有法韦拉^[8]。

参考文献

^ Mafra, Clara. Dwelling on the hill: Impressions of residents of two favelas in Rio de Janeiro regarding religion and public space. Religion. 2008-03, 38 (1): 68–76. S2CID 145068954. doi:10.1016/j.religion.2008.01.001.
^ Favelas. Macalester College. [2011-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2001-02-15）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 MATTOS, Romulo Costa. “Aldeias do mal”. 2007-10-31 [2011-11-23]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-30）.
^ Douglas, Bruce. The story of cities #15: the rise and ruin of Rio de Janeiro's first favela. The Guardian. 2016-04-05. ISSN 0261-3077. （原始内容存档于2016-04-05）（英国英语）.
^ Santos, Kátia Andressa; Filho, Octávio Pessoa Aragão; Aguiar, Caroline Mariana; Milinsk, Maria Cristina; Sampaio, Sílvio César; Palú, Fernando; da Silva, Edson Antônio. Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and thermal analysis of oil extracted from favela (Cnidoscolus quercifolius) seeds. Industrial Crops and Products. 2017-03, 97: 368–373. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.12.045.
^ Pedro A. Pinto, Os Sertões de Euclides da Cunha: Vocabulário e Notas Lexiológicas, Rio: Francisco Al Artigos. [2010-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-06）.
^ Ribeiro, Darcy. O Povo Brasileiro. Companhia das Letras. 1995: 4. ISBN 978-8571644519 （巴西葡萄牙语）.
^ Censo 2010: 11,4 milhões de brasileiros (6,0%) vivem em aglomerados subnormais [2010 Census: 11.4 million Brazilians (6.0%) live in subnormal agglomerations]. IBGE. 2011-12-21. （原始内容存档于2020-06-30）（巴西葡萄牙语）.

延伸阅读

Mike Davies (2006) Planet of Slums (New York: Verso). ISBN 978-1-84467-160-1
Janice Perlman (2010) Favela: Four Decades of Living on the Edge in Rio de Janeiro (New York: Oxford University Press) ISBN 9780195368369
Ana Rosa Chagas Cavalcanti (2018). Housing Shaped by Labour: The Architecture of Scarcity in Informal Settlements. (Berlin: Jovis Press). ISBN 9783868595345

外部链接

维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：法韦拉

[mafra-1] Mafra, Clara. Dwelling on the hill: Impressions of residents of two favelas in Rio de Janeiro regarding religion and public space. Religion. 2008-03, 38 (1): 68–76. S2CID 145068954. doi:10.1016/j.religion.2008.01.001.

[2] Favelas. Macalester College. [2011-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2001-02-15）.

[História-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 MATTOS, Romulo Costa. “Aldeias do mal”. 2007-10-31 [2011-11-23]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-30）.

[4] Douglas, Bruce. The story of cities #15: the rise and ruin of Rio de Janeiro's first favela. The Guardian. 2016-04-05. ISSN 0261-3077. （原始内容存档于2016-04-05）（英国英语）.

[5] Santos, Kátia Andressa; Filho, Octávio Pessoa Aragão; Aguiar, Caroline Mariana; Milinsk, Maria Cristina; Sampaio, Sílvio César; Palú, Fernando; da Silva, Edson Antônio. Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and thermal analysis of oil extracted from favela (Cnidoscolus quercifolius) seeds. Industrial Crops and Products. 2017-03, 97: 368–373. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.12.045.

[6] Pedro A. Pinto, Os Sertões de Euclides da Cunha: Vocabulário e Notas Lexiológicas, Rio: Francisco Al Artigos. [2010-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-06）.

[7] Ribeiro, Darcy. O Povo Brasileiro. Companhia das Letras. 1995: 4. ISBN 978-8571644519 （巴西葡萄牙语）.

[8] Censo 2010: 11,4 milhões de brasileiros (6,0%) vivem em aglomerados subnormais [2010 Census: 11.4 million Brazilians (6.0%) live in subnormal agglomerations]. IBGE. 2011-12-21. （原始内容存档于2020-06-30）（巴西葡萄牙语）.

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