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用户:Hamham/泰国性服务业

维基百科，自由的百科全书
芭堤雅步行街是泰国芭堤雅主要的红灯区之一
亚洲各国对性服务业的法律规制
  合法监管 – 合法且受监管
  合法不受监管 – 个体卖淫合法且不受监管，但有组织的卖淫或拉客为违法
  不完全合法，有第三方介入的嫖娼为非法行为，但卖淫合法
  禁止 – 被界定为非法
  根据各地区规定而有所不同

泰国的性服务业从法律层面而言是非法的[1][2]。但自越战以来，泰国经济对性服务业的依赖以及警察的腐败等导致性服务业在泰国长期存在[3][4]，此外，经济不发达、受教育程度较低以及无法充分就业等也助长了性服务业的发达。性工作者多半来自泰国东北部地区或缅甸、寮国等邻国[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]。联合国艾滋病联合规划署在2019年的报告中估计泰国的性工作者约有43000名[15]。

监管法律法规

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泰国有关性服务业的规制法律主要有以下三部:

预防及遏制卖淫法案

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《预防及遏制卖淫法案》（B.E. 2539，1996年）[16]是有关性服务产业监管的最主要法律。根据该法规定，“卖淫”的定义为“不论行为的双方为同性或异性，为满足他人的性需求，以收取金钱或其他利益等作为对价，进行性交或实施其他淫乱行为”，该法并没有对“淫乱行为”进行更清晰的界定[17]。

根据该法，“以公开且不知廉耻的方式”或“对社会公众造成困扰的方式”来寻求性行为的人将遭受处罚。从事性交易者将被判处监禁或/和罚金。该法律同样也规定了对于组织卖淫者的刑罚[17][18][19][20]。另外，刑法也规定了对于拉皮条者或使用卖淫收入者所应当承受的刑罚[21][22]。

《预防及遏制卖淫法案》也重视防止性虐待以及儿童卖淫等问题。法案第8章规定了性虐待15周岁以下未成年人的行为将遭受2-6年的有期徒刑以及最高至12万泰铢的罚金。对性侵犯15-18周岁的未成年人的犯罪，法案规定了1-3年的刑期以及最高至6万泰铢的罚金[17]。

对于性贩卖犯罪，法案第9章规定：“任何为了性剥削的目的而将个人拐卖、绑架或贩卖的犯罪，都将处以1-10年的有期徒刑以及最高2-20万泰铢的罚金”[17]。此外，第9章规定的犯罪如使用了“欺诈、威胁、暴力或不正当影响”等手段，则刑期应当加重三分之一[17]。

然而，任何未通过令人不快的方式（包括欺诈、威胁、暴力等）而获取性服务的一方仍然属合法，不会受到惩罚。

刑法修正案

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1997年公布的《刑法修正案》(第14号)[23]并未直接将泰国国内的性服务业定义为非法产业。

但是刑法第九章286节规定：“任何超过16岁的个人如以卖淫为生，即使这只是她的部分收入，应当被处以7到20年的监禁以及14000到40000泰铢的罚金，乃至终身监禁”。该法案也对儿童卖淫规定了相应刑罚，但对于何为“猥亵行为”并没有清晰的定义。第九章279节规定：“任何对不满15周岁的未成年人实施猥亵行为的个人，无论该未成年人是否同意，均应当处以10年以下监禁或20000泰铢以下的罚金，或者并处以上刑罚”[17]。

娱乐场所法案

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《1966年娱乐场所法案》[24]规定了特定类别的娱乐场所内如发现有卖淫行为，则场所的经营者有相应刑事责任。根据该法案，性工作者如有卖淫行为，也需要到特定的改造机构被监禁一年[17]。

Related activities such as brothel keeping, solicitation and profiting from the prostitution of others are illegal.[17] Public nuisance laws are also used against prostitution.[17] Prostitution operates clandestinely in many parts of the country.[25]

Extent

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A go-go bar, Soi Cowboy, Bangkok
我们[冈比亚]不是性服务需求者的目的地。如果你想要去这样的地方，那你就去泰国。——冈比亚旅游部长Hamat Bah在2018年评论了当地的性旅游趋势，引发了泰国政府的谴责。[26]

自越南战争以来，泰国作为性旅游目的地，在许多国家的旅行者中迅速知名[27]。泰国性工作者的确切数量很难评估。各方的估计值差异很大，并引发了国际上的争议[28] 至今并没有泰国官方机构提供的调查数据[29]。朱拉隆功大学的Nitet Tinnakul博士在2004年预计泰国共有280万名性工作者，包括200万名女性、2万名成年男性和80万名18岁以下的未成年人，但大多数观察家认为女性和未成年人的数字被严重夸大了[30]。根据世界卫生组织在2001年的一份报告：“最可靠的建议是，有15万到20万名性工作者。”[31][32][30] In its annual human rights report for 2008, the US State Department noted that, "A government survey during the year found that there were 76,000 to 77,000 adult prostitutes in registered entertainment establishments. However, NGOs believed there were between 200,000 and 300,000 prostitutes."[28] The state department's 2013 Human Rights Report for Thailand made no estimates of the extent of prostitution,[33] but in 2015 Havocscope, a database providing information about the global black market, gave an approximate figure of about 250,000 for the number of prostitutes working in Thailand.[34][35] UNAIDS in 2015 estimated the total population of sex workers in Thailand to be 147,000.[36]

It has been suggested for example that there may be as many as 10,000 prostitutes on Ko Samui alone, an island resort destination not usually noted for prostitution, and that at least 10 percent of tourist dollars may be spent on the sex trade.[37] An estimate published in 2003 placed the trade at US$4.3 billion per year, or about three percent of the Thai economy.[4] In 2015 Havocscope said that about US$6.4 billion in annual revenue was being generated by the trade, a figure which accounted for 10 percent of Thailand's GDP. Havocscope says that sex workers in Thailand send an annual average of US$300 million to family members who reside in more rural areas of Thailand.[34][35]

In 1996, the police in Bangkok estimated that there were at least 5,000 Russian prostitutes working in Thailand, many of whom had arrived through networks controlled by Russian gangs.[38]

In July 2016, it was reported that the Thai government intended to abolish the sex industry. Kobkarn Wattanavrangkul, the tourism minister, said "Tourists don't come to Thailand for [sex]. They come here for our beautiful culture" and that "We want Thailand to be about quality tourism. We want the sex industry gone".[39] Kobkarn was replaced as tourism minister in November 2017.[40] The Royal Thai Police says that more than 24,000 people were arrested in 2019.[41]

The closure of the country's borders in 2020 as a reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand resulted in there being few foreign clients for the country's sex workers. 35 percent of them had no access to public cash relief; some were refused government financial aid after they identified themselves as sex workers, while others had to lie about their profession in order to receive payments. Many switched to jobs outside the sex industry. The Department of Women’s Affairs and Family Development said that it was providing sex workers with relief supplies and job training. It also said that it was planning to amend the country's prostitution law to allow them to access social welfare benefits, as only 5 percent were part of Thailand's social security system.[42]

Location

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Soi Cowboy, Bangkok
Bars in Patong Beach, Phuket

The primary tourist "prostitution zones" of Thailand are often identified as the red-light districts of Bangkok[27] and Pattaya[43][44] as well as Patong Beach Resort on Phuket Island.[45] In addition Hat Yai and other Malaysian border cities cater to Malaysians.[46] In Bangkok the areas most commonly associated with prostitution include the entertainment district of Patpong[27] as well as locations in the western Sukhumvit Road area such as the street called Soi Cowboy[27] and the Nana Plaza building.[27] The area known as the Ratchadaphisek entertainment district, running along Ratchadaphisek Road near the Huai Khwang intersection, is the location of several large entertainment venues which include sexual massage.[47] Lumphini Park in central Bangkok is well-known as a prostitution spot after dark.[48] In Pattaya the primary areas associated with prostitution are Boyztown,[44] Sunee Plaza and Walking Street.[43]

Rather than face of the risks of working independently, many sex workers choose the relative safety that comes with fixed employment in businesses such as "karaoke" bars, "massage" parlours, or brothels.[29] Prostitution may take place in a number of different types of venues, including brothels, hotels, massage parlours, restaurants, saunas, hostess bars, go-go bars and "beer bars".[49] Many other service sector workers offer sexual services as a sideline. Thai prostitution is divided into different sectors that serve different markets (the main criteria being the socioeconomic status of customers and the nationality of both customers and prostitutes).[30] Straightforward brothels, which offer no services aside from sex, represent the lower end of the market. These are most common outside Bangkok, serving low-income Thai men.[29]

Profiting from prostitution is prohibited under Thai law, but karaoke bars and massage parlours can be registered as normal, legal businesses. When arrests of sex workers occur at such premises, police usually treat the act of prostitution as an exchange between the sex worker and the client—an exchange to which the owner of the business was not a party. Although uncommon, cases of foreign clients being charged have happened, with Pattaya being the location in which most foreigners have been caught up in a police raid.[50] Owners of such establishments are only accused of crimes when breaking other laws, such as the employment of underage workers or illegal migrants.[29]

泰式浴场

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普吉的一家泰式浴场

泰式浴场(泰语：สถานอาบอบนวด, "浴场及按摩店")，类似于日本的泡泡浴，是泰国性服务业的主流类型，其往往提供油压按摩，裸体按摩以及包含性服务的陪同入浴服务[51]。在泰式浴场中，男性顾客一般均可以与女性服务人员发生性行为[48]。这一类的浴场也往往被成为桑拿按摩浴室（"bathing-sauna-massage"）[52]。 据报道，由于曼谷市区内大量存在的浴场对水的需求极大，业者不得不使用非法开采的地下水资源，从而导致曼谷的地面每年沉降1厘米[53]。

卡拉OK酒吧

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泰国街头的卡拉OK酒吧

曾有观察家指出：“在所谓的卡拉OK酒吧里，卡拉OK点歌机只是个摆设，几乎没有客人到店里来唱歌，而绝大多数都是来享受性服务的”[29]。乌汶府卫生服务局在2015年的一项研究显示，在乌汶府约有2410名在餐厅和卡拉OK酒吧里工作。这其中约有1230名为性工作者，而中间的692名妇女是来自寮国的非法劳工[8]。

按摩院

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曼谷的按摩院

传统的泰式按摩是泰国代表性的服务业，其从业者多半不提供色情服务，但仍有少部分按摩院会提供手交、口交或性交等服务。泰国SPA行业联合会（FTSPA）在2016年也敦促政府严厉取缔按摩院里的性服务。该机构表示仍有不少从业人员在利用法律上的漏洞为游客或本地客户提供性服务[54]。

Bars catering to foreigners

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Night bars in Pattaya

Women ("bargirls"), or men, in the case of gay bars, or transsexual ("kathoeys") are employed by the bars either as dancers (in the case of go-go bars) or simply as hostesses who will encourage customers to buy them drinks. Apart from these sorts of bars, there are a number of other sex trade venues. In most of these establishments the prostitutes are directly employed, but in hotels, some bars and discos freelance prostitutes are allowed to solicit clients.[55][56] Prostitutes will usually receive a commission when a customer buys drinks and sexual services can be arranged to take place on premises or elsewhere (with the latter requiring the customer to pay a "bar fine" to release the prostitute from the bar).[30][57] The relationships established in such contexts superficially mimic the "dating" culture of the west, with a mix of friendship, intimacy, sexual entertainment, and money.[58]

发展史

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在店门口揽客的酒吧女，摄于芭堤雅

有关泰国卖淫业的历史记载最早可向上追溯六百多年，公开且明确的书面记录来自中国旅行家马欢（1433年）以及两名欧洲人Van Neck（1604年）和Gisbert Heeck（1655年）。 这个古老的行业在二战的日占时期以及随后的越战期间有了蓬勃的发展[59][60]在越战结束后，由于大批美军士兵在泰国驻点，他们带来的性需求让泰国性产业迅猛发展[61]。

Thailand has an ancient, continuous tradition of legal texts, generally described under the heading of Dhammasattha literature (Thai pron., tam-ma-sat), wherein prostitution is variously defined and universally banned. The era of traditional legal texts came to an end in the early 20th century, but these earlier texts were significant in regard to both the writ and spirit of modern legislation.[62]

In the twentieth century a variety of laws relating to the sex industry were passed, including the Contagious Diseases Prevention Act of 1908 and the Entertainment Places Act of 1966.[55] In the 1950s the Thai prime minister Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat initiated a morality campaign which included the aim of criminalising prostitution through the imposition of fines and imprisonment. A system of medical examinations and "moral rehabilitation" was introduced and the focus of public blame was moved from traffickers and procurers to the prostitutes themselves.[63] Prostitution itself was made illegal in Thailand[28] in 1960, when a law was passed under pressure from the United Nations.[64] The government instituted a system of monitoring sex workers in order to prevent their mistreatment and to control the spread of sexually transmitted diseases.[25] The 1960 law was repealed by the Prevention and Suppression of Prostitution Act, B.E. 2539 (1996). Under this law prostitution as such is technically illegal.

Legalization attempt

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In 2003, the Ministry of Justice considered legalising prostitution as an official occupation with health benefits and taxable income and held a public discussion on the topic. Legalisation and regulation was proposed as a means to increase tax revenue, reduce corruption, and improve the situation of the workers.[4] However, nothing further was done. In 2020, Thai sex workers took part in a campaign for legalization. The Empower Foundation, which supports sex workers, is trying to collect 10,000 signatures so that they can send a petition to parliament.[41]

HIV/AIDS

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主条目：HIV/AIDS in Thailand

In 2008, 532,522 Thais were suffering from HIV/AIDS.[65] The UNAIDS estimated in 2013 that from 380,000 to 520,000 Thais were living with HIV.[66] In 2017, the number of Thais living with HIV was 440,000.[67] The prevalence of HIV/AIDS among Thai adults aged 15–49 is estimated to be 1.1 percent (2016).[68] Among freelance female sex workers, the prevalence of HIV was 2.8 percent in 2017.[67] Among female sex workers in brothels, it was 0.6 percent (2017).[67]

Mechai Viravaidya, known as "Mr. Condom",[69] has campaigned tirelessly to increase the awareness of safe sex practices and use of condoms in Thailand. He served as minister for tourism and AIDS prevention from 1991 to 1992, and also founded the restaurant chain Cabbages and Condoms, which gives free condoms to customers.

After the enactment of the Thai government's first five-year plan to combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the country, including Mechai's "100% condom programme", as of 1994 the use of condoms during commercial sex probably increased markedly. No current data on the use of condoms is available. The programme instructed sex workers to refuse intercourse without a condom, and monitored health clinic statistics in order to locate brothels that allow sex without condoms.[25]

变性人

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主条目：Kathoey

A study done by AIDS Care investigated substance use of HIV risk behaviors among kathoey sex workers in Bangkok, Thailand.[70] Only half of participants stated that they were tested for HIV and one had seen a health care provider in the past 12 months.[70] It found that katheoys who experienced abuse from a father or brother were less likely to use condoms during anal sex with customers.[70] Katheoy sex work tends to be in large cities and tourist areas including Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Phuket City, and Pattaya.[70] Many kathoeys work part-time as freelance prostitutes and keep a day-time job.[71] Female prostitutions are often preferred to Kathoey as they are viewed as less likely to carry sexually transmitted diseases.[71] Pressure from often specialized "ladyboy" bars puts kathoeys at risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases given that many customers are unwilling to use condoms.[72]

Reasons for prevalence and toleration

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Social views

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Thai society has its own unique set of often contradictory sexual mores. Visiting a prostitute or a paid mistress is not an uncommon, though not necessarily acceptable, behaviour for men. Many Thai women, for example, believe the existence of prostitution actively reduces the incidence of rape.[25] Among many Thai people, there is a general attitude that prostitution has always been, and will always be, a part of the social fabric of Thailand.[25] On the other hand, "...the idea of legalizing sex work is unacceptable to many thin-faced Thais who judge the profession to be a foundation of vices. It doesn't matter how many sex workers are left out of the formal economic sector and become more prone to extortion, exploitation and abuse – many Thais simply will not tolerate sex work as legal."[73]

According to a 1996 study, the sexual urge of men is perceived by both Thai men and women as being very much stronger than the sexual urge of women. Where women are thought to be able to exercise control over their desires, the sexual urge of men is seen to be "a basic physiological need or instinct". It is also thought by both Thai men and women that men need "an occasional variation in partners". As female infidelity is strongly frowned upon in Thai society, and, according to a 1993 survey, sexual relationships for single women also meets disapproval by a majority of the Thai population, premarital sex, casual sex and extramarital sex with prostitutes is accepted, expected and sometimes even encouraged for Thai men, the latter being perceived as less threatening to a marriage over lasting relationships with a so-called "minor wife".[74]

Another reason contributing to this issue is that ordinary Thais deem themselves tolerant of other people, especially those whom they perceive as downtrodden. This acceptance has allowed prostitution to flourish without much of the extreme social stigma found in other countries. According to a 1996 study, people in Thailand generally disapprove of prostitution, but the stigma for prostitutes is not lasting or severe, especially since many prostitutes support their parents through their work. Some men do not mind marrying former prostitutes.[75] A 2009 study of subjective well-being of prostitutes found that among the sex workers surveyed, sex work had become normalized.[76]

Politicians

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Chuwit Kamolvisit was the owner of several massage parlours in Bangkok and considered by many a "godfather of prostitution" in Thailand. In 2005 he was elected for a four-year term to the Thai House of Representatives, but in 2006 the Constitutional Court removed him from office. In October 2008 he again ran for governor of Bangkok but was not elected. He revealed in 2003 that some of his best clients were senior politicians and police officers, whom he also claimed to have paid, over a decade, more than £1.5 million in bribes so that his business, selling sex, could thrive.[77]

Although Thailand's sex trade aimed at foreigners can be considered overt, the industry that caters exclusively to Thai men had never before been publicly scrutinised, let alone the sexual exploits of Thailand's unchallengeable officials.[77]

Support of prostitution is pervasive in political circles, as BBC News reported in 2003. "MPs from Thailand's ruling Thai Rak Thai Party are getting hot under the collar over plans by the party leadership to ban them from having mistresses or visiting brothels...." One MP told The Nation newspaper that if the rules were enforced, the party would only be able to field around 30 candidates, compared to its more than 200 sitting MPs."[78]

Attitudes towards women were exemplified by MP Thirachai Sirikhan, quoted in The Nation, "To have a mia noi [mistress] is an individual's right. There should be no problem as long as the politician causes no trouble to his family or society".[78]

After a police raid on some Bangkok parlours where policemen had sex with prostitutes, "Acting Suthisan Police chief Colonel Varanvas Karunyathat defended the police action, saying that the (police) officers involved needed to have sex with the masseuses to gain evidence for the arrest."[79] Apparently, this is standard practice as a separate police force did the same in Pattaya in May 2007.[80]

Organized crime

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According to a Library of Congress study published in 2003, "The red-light districts of Thai cities are home to...brothels, casinos, and entertainment facilities that function both as sources of income and as operations centers for trafficking in humans...."[81]:44 It has been estimated that organised crime groups have brought over a million women into Thailand from Mainland China, Laos, and Vietnam.[82] The 14K Triad organisation dominates the trafficking of women from Mainland China to Bangkok for prostitution.[83]

In November 2015, Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha launched a "clean up Thailand" campaign to eliminate organised crime in all areas, including vice.[84]

Religion

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主条目：Women in Buddhism § Romantic love, sexual conduct and marriage

Buddhism in Thailand is largely of the Theravada school, which is followed by 95 percent of the population. "While Buddhism regards the celibate monastic life as the higher ideal, it also recognizes the importance of marriage as a social institution."[85] Thai Buddhism encourages adherence to the fundamental code of Buddhist ethics for the laity. The Five Precepts contains an admonishment against sexual misconduct, although what constitutes misconduct from the perspective of a particular school of Buddhism varies widely depending on the local culture. In the traditional Pāli Canon, the Sigālovāda Sutta contains a large section which advises men on honoring their wives by remaining faithful.

In the book Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy, Kevin Bales argues that in Thai Buddhism, women are viewed as naturally inferior to men, and that Buddha told his disciples that women were "impure, carnal, and corrupting."[86] This is also supported by the belief that women cannot attain enlightenment, although this view is disputed by other Buddhist scriptures such as the Vinaya Pitaka in the Pali Canon.[87]:16 The current Dalai Lama has asserted that women can attain enlightenment and function as equals to men in spiritual matters, but his branch of Buddhism is not the one practised in Thailand, which has its own particular canon of beliefs. Bales also points to the fact that ten kinds of wives are outlined in the Vinaya, or rules for monks. In the rules, the first three categories are women who can be paid for their services.[86] In present-day Thailand, this is expressed as tolerance of prostitution by married women. Sex with prostitutes is viewed by wives as "empty sex", and thus women may allow their husbands to have meaningless sex with prostitutes rather than find a new spouse.

Buddhism also prescribes "acceptance and resignation in the face of life's pain and suffering",[86] in accordance with belief in karma and the expiation of sins from previous lives. Women may choose to believe that serving as prostitutes is the ineluctable result of karma.

Exploitation by police and officialdom

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Prostitution's tenuous position in Thai society makes it ripe for exploitation by police and governmental officials. Sex businesses pay considerable sums to authorities in order to be permitted to continue in business. Sex work has become in effect a cash cow for those in a position to extract bribes.[88] Those in a position to benefit have a financial interest in seeing the status quo continue. Business owners and individual sex workers complain that since the junta came to power in 2014, harassment has increased, as have the sums demanded. This has the effect of driving businesses out of business and sex workers to the street or internet as freelancers.[88]

Crime

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Child prostitution

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主条目：Child prostitution in Thailand

The exact number of child-prostitutes in Thailand is not known. According to the US-based research institute “Protection Project”, estimates of the number of children involved in prostitution living in Thailand ranges from 12,000 to the hundreds of thousands (ECPAT International). The government, university researchers, and NGOs estimated that there are as many as 30,000 to 40,000 prostitutes under 18 years of age, not including foreign migrants (US Department of State, 2005b). Thailand’s Health System Research Institute estimates that children in prostitution make up 40% of prostitutes in Thailand.[89]

The reasons why and how children are commercially sexually exploited by include:[90]

  • Poverty: a high proportion of the population lives in poverty.
  • Ethnic hill tribe children: these children live in the border region of northern Thailand. They suffer from disproportionate levels of poverty in relation to the general population and most of them lack citizenship cards. This means that they do not have access to health care or primary school, which limits their further education or employment opportunities.
  • Trafficked children: Many children are trafficked into or within the country through criminal networks, acquaintances, former trafficking victims and border police and immigration officials who transport them to brothels across Thailand.
  • Sense of duty: According to traditional customs, the first duty of a girl is to support her family in any way she can. Due to this sense of duty and to pay off family debts, many girls have been forced into prostitution.

Children are exploited in sex establishments and are also approached directly in the street by paedophiles seeking sexual contact.[91] Child sex tourism is a serious problem in the country. Thailand, along with Cambodia, India, Brazil and Mexico, has been identified as a leading hotspot of child sexual exploitation.[92] Paedophiles, in particular, exploit the lax laws of the country and attempt to find cover to avoid prosecution.[93]

To discourage child sex tourism, the government reported it denied entry to 74 known foreign sex offenders in 2017. The government has developed and launched a video to be shown on flights entering Thailand discouraging sex tourism. The Ministry of Tourism distributed more than 315,000 brochures discouraging sex tourism to businesses and tourism professionals and organized trainings for 800 local government officials, tourism sector workers, students, youth, and civil society organizations on prevention of child sexual exploitation in the tourism industry.[94]

Sex trafficking

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主条目：Sex trafficking in Thailand

Thailand is a source, destination, and transit country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking. Thailand’s commercial sex industry remains vast, increasing vulnerabilities for sex trafficking. Women, men, boys, and girls from Thailand, other Southeast Asian countries, Sri Lanka, Russia, Uzbekistan, and some African countries are subjected to sex trafficking in Thailand. Thailand is also a transit country for victims from Mainland China, North Korea, Vietnam, Bangladesh, India, and Burma subjected to sex trafficking in countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Russia, South Korea, the United States, and countries in Western Europe. Thai nationals are subjected to sex trafficking in Thailand and in countries in North America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.[94]

Women of Thai and other nationalities have been lured to Japan and sold to Yakuza-controlled brothels, where they are forced to work off financial debt. It is easy to lure these women from neighboring countries because Thailand has 56 unofficial crossover points and 300 checkpoints, where people can cross the border without paperwork.[25] In a landmark case in 2006, one such woman, Urairat Soimee, filed a civil suit in Thailand against the Thai perpetrators, who had previously been convicted in a criminal court. The woman had managed to escape from the Yakuza-controlled prostitution ring by killing the female Thai mama-san and spent five years in a Japanese prison.[95]

The United States Department of State Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons in its 2018 U.S. Trafficking in Persons report considered Thailand to be a Tier 2 country, meaning the report states that although the Government of Thailand does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking, it is making significant efforts to do so.[94]

Thailand has enacted several laws against human trafficking. These include the 2008 Anti Trafficking in Persons Act,[96] the 1997 Anti Trafficking Act,.[97] Thailand has also entered into regional agreements against human trafficking, including The Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative against Trafficking.[98] Thai sex worker organization EMPOWER has expressed several concerns about the 2008 law. These concerns include that the law authorizes police to enter alleged sex establishments without a warrant, the lack of social assistance provided to victims, involutary repatriations, and the resulting division between NGOs which claim to oppose sex trafficking and those which support sex workers themselves.[99] Sex worker organizations in Thailand have strongly opposed "rescue" operations which result in adults who freely entered the sex industry being arrested, denied a livelihood, or subject to deportation.[100]

A sex trafficking gang was intercepted in the southern city of Pattaya in October 2014.[101]

In 2017, Ministry of the Interior and Ministry of Justice inspected 11,268 “high-risk” adult entertainment venues and ordered 268 to cease business activities for five years; these inspections led to the prosecution of eight trafficking cases. Corruption continues to undermine anti-trafficking efforts. Some government officials are directly complicit in trafficking crimes, including through accepting bribes or loans from business owners and brothels where victims are exploited. Credible reports indicate some corrupt officials protect brothels and other commercial sex venues from raids and inspections and collude with traffickers.[94]

援助支持性工作者的组织团体

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下列机构对泰国的性工作者进行有组织的援助支持：

  • EMPOWER is a Thai NGO that offers health, educational and counseling services to female sex workers. The organisation seeks to empower sex workers and has been operating since 1985, with offices in Patpong (Bangkok), Chiang Mai, Mae Sai and Patong Beach (Phuket).[102] The organization also operates a museum of sex work in Bangkok and a cooperatively owned bar in Chiang Mai.
  • SWING (Service Workers in Group) is an offshoot of EMPOWER, offering support to male and female sex workers in Patpong and Pattaya. It offers English classes, teaches safe sex education, distributes condoms, and promotes health and safety with an in-house gym and discounted medical examinations. The newly formed organisation SISTERS works with transgender sex workers in Bangkok and Pattaya.[103][104]
  • M Plus is an organization for male sex workers in Chiang Mai, including men who identify as gay, straight or transgender. It operates a health clinic for sex workers and conducts HIV prevention and prophylaxis education.[105]
  • The Asia Pacific Network of Sex Workers (APNSW) is a regional organization, headquartered in Thailand, of sex worker-led organizations.[106] It exists to promote and protect the health and human rights of sex workers in Asia. It supports the full decriminalization of sex work and the recognition of sex work as work.

参见条目

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References

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Further reading

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  • Bishop, Ryan; Robinson, Lillian S. Night Market; Sexual Cultures and the Thai Economic Miracle Paper. New York: Routledge. 1998 [17 July 2016]. ISBN 978-0-415-91429-1. 
  • Travels in the Skin Trade: Tourism and the Sex Industry (1996, ISBN 0-7453-1115-6) by Jeremy Seabrook describes the Thai sex industry and includes interviews with prostitutes and customers.
  • Cleo Odzer received her PhD in anthropology with a thesis about prostitution in Thailand; her experiences during her three years of field research resulted in the 1994 book Patpong Sisters: An American Woman's View of the Bangkok Sex World (ISBN 1-55970-281-8). In the book she describes the Thai prostitutes she got to know as quick-witted entrepreneurs rather than exploited victims.
  • Hello My Big Big Honey!: Love Letters to Bangkok Bar Girls and Their Revealing Interviews by Dave Walker and Richard S. Ehrlich (2000, ISBN 0-86719-473-1) is a compilation of love letters from Westerners to Thai prostitutes, and interviews with the latter.
  • For an informative caricature of the contemporary sexual norms and mores of Thailand (and its Sex Industry) versus the West see the novels of John Burdett including Bangkok 8 for the comparative anthropology of his half Thai-Western (son of a 'bargirl') protagonist detective, Sonchai Jitpleecheep.
  • Dennis Jon's 2005 documentary travelogue The Butterfly Trap provides a realistic and non-judgmental first person viewpoint of sex tourism in Thailand.
  • Jordan Clark's 2005 documentary Falang: Behind Bangkok's Smile takes a rather critical view of sex tourism in Thailand.
  • David A. Feingold's 2003 documentary Trading Women explores the phenomenon of women from the surrounding countries being trafficked into Thailand.
  • Lines, Lisa. Prostitution in Thailand: Representations in Fiction and Narrative Non-Fiction (PDF). Journal of International Women's Studies. July 2015, 16 (3): 86–100 [2018-12-01]. 
  • For a discussion reflecting on the history of prostitution, see Scott Bamber, Kevin Hewison and Peter Underwood (1997) "Dangerous Liaisons: A History of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Thailand", in M. Lewis, S. Bamber & M. Waugh (eds), Sex, Disease and Society: A Comparative History of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV/AIDS in Asia and the Pacific (ISBN 978-0313294426), Westport: Greenwood Press, Contributions in Medical Studies No. 43, pp. 37–65.

外部链接

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维基文库中的相关原始文献：Anti-Human Trafficking Act, BE 2551 (2008)
维基文库中的相关原始文献：Domestic Violence Victim Protection Act, BE 2550 (2007)
维基文库中的相关原始文献：International Civil Cooperation on Breach of Rights of Custody Act, BE 2555 (2012)
维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：Hamham/泰国性服务业
检索自“https://zh-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=User:Hamham/泰国性服务业&oldid=78920814”