鼠线

鼠线（德语：Rattenlinien）是指二战后德国纳粹分子和其他法西斯分子在1945年起逃离欧洲的逃生路线系统。这些逃亡路线主要目的地是拉丁美洲的国家，特别是阿根廷，但也有巴拉圭、哥伦比亚、巴西、乌拉圭、墨西哥、智利、秘鲁、危地马拉、厄瓜多尔和玻利维亚以及美国、西班牙和瑞士。^[1]鼠线亦是纳粹官员和纳粹商人应对纳粹德国战败而带走腐败资产逃到国外的计划。

主要路线

鼠线的主要路线有两条：

从德国到西班牙，最后抵达阿根廷；
从德国到罗马，转往热那亚，最后抵达南美。

两条路线独立发展，但最目的地都抵达了南美。鼠线甚至得到了罗马天主教会一些神职人员的支持。^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

而从1947年开始，一些美国情报官员利用现有的线索来移动某些纳粹战略家和科学家至美国，美国将其计划命名为“回纹针”。^[6]

值得注意的是，虽然学者一致认为纳粹领导人阿道夫·希特勒于1945年 4月30日战争即将结束时在柏林自杀，但各种阴谋论声称他在战争中幸存下来并逃往阿根廷。

其余路线

西班牙鼠线

西班牙当时正处于西班牙国时期，由佛朗哥独裁专政，据统计，1946年时，西班牙已有数百名战犯，以及数千名前纳粹分子和法西斯分子。这些战犯基本是透过1942年时，梵蒂冈内部计划的逃脱路线。据时任美国国务卿詹姆斯·伯恩斯的说法，梵蒂冈在移交这些“寻求庇护者”方面的合作“微不足道”。费耶认为庇护十二世之所以与西班牙合作主要原因为：“他宁愿看到法西斯战犯登上驶向新世界的船只，也不愿看到他们在德国专区的战俘营里腐烂”。^[2]

梵蒂冈鼠线

奥地利天主教阿洛伊斯·胡达尔（Alois Hudal）主教是纳粹同情者，曾担任罗马教宗条顿圣玛丽亚阿尼玛学院（Pontificio Istituto Teutonico Santa Maria dell'Anima）的院长，这是一所为奥地利和德国神父开设的神学院，也是居住在意大利的德国人民的精神寄托。^[7]意大利战争结束后，胡达尔开始积极帮助关押在意大利各地战俘营中的德国战俘与拘留者。1944年12月，梵蒂冈国务秘书处获准任命一名代表探访在意大利被拘留的德裔居民，这项工作交给了胡达尔。

胡达尔则利用这一职务与主教身份帮助被通缉的纳粹战犯逃跑，其中包括特雷布林卡指挥官弗兰茨·斯坦格尔、索比堡指挥官古斯塔夫·瓦格纳、德兰西拘留营(Drancy) 营长阿洛伊斯·布伦纳、阿德廷大屠杀负责人埃里希·普里克及阿道夫·艾希曼。事后胡达尔毫不掩饰地公开了这一事实。^[8]^[9]

胡达尔在自己的回忆录提到：“我感谢上帝，他允许我探望并安慰许多监狱和集中营中的受害者，并帮助他们用逃跑。盟军对德国的战争不是一场十字军东征，而是他们一直为胜利而战的经济联合体之间的竞争。这个所谓的商业……使用民主、种族、宗教自由和基督教等流行语作为群众的诱饵。所有这些经历使我在 1945 年之后感到有责任将我的全部慈善工作主要奉献给前国家社会主义者和法西斯主义者，特别是他们（指盟军）所谓的‘战犯’。”

根据马克·亚伦斯和约翰·洛夫特斯在他们的《邪恶三位一体》一书中所说，胡达尔是第一位致力于建立逃生路线的天主教牧师。^[7]根据解密的美国情报报告，胡达尔并不是当时唯一帮助纳粹逃亡者的牧师。

阿根廷鼠线

芬兰鼠线

鼠线逃亡者

安特·帕韦利奇 (Ante Pavelić)
阿道夫·艾希曼 (Adolf Eichmann)
约瑟夫·门格勒 (Josef Mengele)
安德里亚·阿图科维奇 (Andrija Artukovic)
克劳斯·芭比 (Klaus Barbie)
奥托·斯科尔兹尼 (Otto Skorzeny)
阿洛伊斯·布伦纳 (Alois Brunner)
赫伯特·库库斯 (Herberts Cukurs)
莱昂·德格雷尔（Léon Degrelle）
阿里伯特·海姆 (Aribert Heim)
阿恩·考哈宁 (Aarne Kauhanen)
桑多尔·凯皮罗 (Sándor Képíró)
埃里希·普里克 (Erich Priebke)
沃尔特·劳夫 (Walter Rauff)
爱德华·罗斯曼 (Eduard Roschmann)
汉斯-乌尔里希·鲁德尔 (Hans-Ulrich Rudel)
丁科·萨基奇 (Dinko Šakić)
鲍里斯·斯梅斯洛夫斯基 (Boris Smyslovsky)
弗兰兹·斯坦格尔 (Franz Stangl)
古斯塔夫·瓦格纳 (Gustav Wagner)

参考文献

^ "Colombia Nazi". （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Semana. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Phayer, Michael (2008). Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
^ What did the Vatican know about the Nazi escape routes? – DW – 03/01/2020. dw.com. [2022-12-18]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-04）（英语）. [...] thousands of Nazis and collaborators [...], with the help of the Catholic Church, escaped Europve[sic] via routes called 'ratlines' — some of which ran from Innsbruck over the Alps to Merano or Bolzano in South Tyrol, then to Rome and from there to the Italian port city of Genoa.
^ Kertzer, David I. The Pope's Secret Back Channel to Hitler. The Atlantic. 2022-05-31 [2022-12-18]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-23）（英语）.
^ "History of the Italian Rat Line" (10 April 1950), document signed by "IB Operating Officer" Paul E. Lyon, 430th Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC), Headquarters of the U.S. Forces in Austria. 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2007-10-08., from the original, jasenovac-info.com; accessed 7 February 2023. - "During the summer of 1947 the undersigned received instructions from G-2, USFA, through Chief CIC, to establish a means of disposition for visitors who had been in the custody of the 430th CIC and completely processed in accordance with current directives and requirements, and whose continued residence in Austria constituted a security threat as well as a source of possible embarrassment to the Commanding General of USFA, since the Soviet Command had become aware that their presence in US Zone of Austria and in some instances had requested the return of these persons to Soviet custody."
^ "History of the Italian Rat Line" (10 April 1950), document signed by "IB Operating Officer" Paul E. Lyon, 430th Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC), Headquarters of the U.S. Forces in Austria. Archived 2007-10-08 at the Wayback Machine, from the original, jasenovac-info.com; accessed 7 February 2023. - "During the summer of 1947 the undersigned received instructions from G-2, USFA, through Chief CIC, to establish a means of disposition for visitors who had been in the custody of the 430th CIC and completely processed in accordance with current directives and requirements, and whose continued residence in Austria constituted a security threat as well as a source of possible embarrassment to the Commanding General of USFA, since the Soviet Command had become aware that their presence in US Zone of Austria and in some instances had requested the return of these persons to Soviet custody."
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Aarons, Mark & Loftus, John (1998) [1991]. Unholy Trinity: The Vatican, The Nazis, and the Swiss Bankers (revised ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 1862075816.
^ Phayer, Michael (2000). The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253214718.
^ Sereny, Gitta (1983) [1977]. Into That Darkness: An Examination of Conscience. London: Picador. ISBN 9780394710358.

[1] "Colombia Nazi". （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Semana. Retrieved 14 November 2016.

[未命名-20231105164313-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Phayer, Michael (2008). Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

[3] What did the Vatican know about the Nazi escape routes? – DW – 03/01/2020. dw.com. [2022-12-18]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-04）（英语）. [...] thousands of Nazis and collaborators [...], with the help of the Catholic Church, escaped Europve[sic] via routes called 'ratlines' — some of which ran from Innsbruck over the Alps to Merano or Bolzano in South Tyrol, then to Rome and from there to the Italian port city of Genoa.

[4] Kertzer, David I. The Pope's Secret Back Channel to Hitler. The Atlantic. 2022-05-31 [2022-12-18]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-23）（英语）.

[5] "History of the Italian Rat Line" (10 April 1950), document signed by "IB Operating Officer" Paul E. Lyon, 430th Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC), Headquarters of the U.S. Forces in Austria. 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2007-10-08., from the original, jasenovac-info.com; accessed 7 February 2023. - "During the summer of 1947 the undersigned received instructions from G-2, USFA, through Chief CIC, to establish a means of disposition for visitors who had been in the custody of the 430th CIC and completely processed in accordance with current directives and requirements, and whose continued residence in Austria constituted a security threat as well as a source of possible embarrassment to the Commanding General of USFA, since the Soviet Command had become aware that their presence in US Zone of Austria and in some instances had requested the return of these persons to Soviet custody."

[6] "History of the Italian Rat Line" (10 April 1950), document signed by "IB Operating Officer" Paul E. Lyon, 430th Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC), Headquarters of the U.S. Forces in Austria. Archived 2007-10-08 at the Wayback Machine, from the original, jasenovac-info.com; accessed 7 February 2023. - "During the summer of 1947 the undersigned received instructions from G-2, USFA, through Chief CIC, to establish a means of disposition for visitors who had been in the custody of the 430th CIC and completely processed in accordance with current directives and requirements, and whose continued residence in Austria constituted a security threat as well as a source of possible embarrassment to the Commanding General of USFA, since the Soviet Command had become aware that their presence in US Zone of Austria and in some instances had requested the return of these persons to Soviet custody."

[未命名_2-20231105164313-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Aarons, Mark & Loftus, John (1998) [1991]. Unholy Trinity: The Vatican, The Nazis, and the Swiss Bankers (revised ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 1862075816.

[8] Phayer, Michael (2000). The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253214718.

[9] Sereny, Gitta (1983) [1977]. Into That Darkness: An Examination of Conscience. London: Picador. ISBN 9780394710358.

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