地中海人種
《Man, Past and Present》(1899年)，奧古斯都·亨利·基恩著
《The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study》(1899年)，威廉·Z·里普利著
地中海人種，是人類學在19世紀晚期到20世紀中期對歐洲高加索人種的一種分類[1]。他們分布範圍由愛爾蘭西南、蘇格蘭南部、英國西部、威爾斯、德國南部、東歐某些地方、西班牙、南歐、北非、中東、近東、中亞西部、南亞部分地區 [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]。這一套種族理論現已被認為過時且不科學。
體貌特徵
[編輯]地中海人種的特徵是暗白膚色，其膚色暗白、黑髮、勾鼻、身材強壯、深色眼球、窄頭型（頭部長闊是七三之比）、長臉與身材不高（五英尺五英寸左右）。
分佈
[編輯]
赫胥黎之理論
[編輯]19世紀英國生物學家托馬斯·亨利·赫胥黎認為，地中海人種乃Xanthochroi（即北歐人種，屬高加索人種之一支）與澳大利亞人種之混合類型；東南歐、西亞及南亞之地中海人種，亦與蒙古人種混合。愛爾蘭人、威爾斯人、布列塔尼人、西班牙人、南義大利人、希臘人、亞美尼亞人、阿拉伯人、印度婆羅門階級人等，均屬此種人種[10]。
庫恩理論
[編輯]根據人類學家卡爾頓·庫恩的說法，地中海人種的「家園和搖籃」在北非和西南亞，從摩洛哥到阿富汗。他進一步指出，地中海人種是巴基斯坦和北印度的主要人口組成部分。庫恩說，體型較小的地中海人種在中石器時代從地中海盆地向北陸路進入歐洲。高個子地中海人種（大西洋-地中海人種）是新石器時代的海上入侵者，他們乘坐蘆葦船航行，從近東起源地開始在地中海盆地定居。他們還在不列顛和愛爾蘭像殖民者一樣定居，今天可以看到他們的後代，其特徵是深棕色頭髮、黑眼睛和強壯的特徵。庫恩在自己的著作中強調了地中海人種的核心作用，聲稱「地中海人種占據了舞台的中心；他們最集中的地區恰恰是文明最古老的地區。這是可以預料的，因為是他們創造了它從某種意義上說，它產生了它們」。[11]自18世紀後半期開始，伴隨著工業革命的興起，英國的地中海人種人口增長迅速。[12][13][14]
另有論者認為，在撒丁尼亞與科西嘉有正宗的地中海人種。[15]
種族理論
[編輯]19世紀前，地中海人種是地中海與中東，印度文明奠基人與傳播人（美索不達米亞，波斯，埃及，印度，迦太基，希臘和羅馬）。但在19世紀末科學種族主義與白人至上主義者興起後，評價趨於低下，地中海人種被指與黑人混合導致羅馬帝國覆亡。且在北歐種族主義者眼中不是真正白人，其與被認為是最優越的北歐人種相比，地中海人種被劃分為高加索人種中較為低劣的一欄中。地中海人種被認為在工業革命後在英國迅速增長，尤其以城市地區為甚[16]，在前工業革命時代時，與北歐人種相比，該人種本為稀少的少數群體（占英國人口中的少量人種構成因素），但因該人種適應了該時代的生存法則，當時的勞動階級人口多為地中海人種（與貴族階級傾向為北歐人種成為對比），表現為適應了早期衛生條件差且擁擠的城市生活與城市化人口增長等因素，同時北歐人種卻因為戰爭與移民而大量流失，只在空氣與環境素質優良的鄉村地區繁盛，使得地中海人種元素在世代中翻倍上升[17][18]，這種占少數的較古老人種增長的現象被諸多20世紀初的人類學家稱之為「再現」（英語：Re-emergence），意為通過差異選擇機制，以混血人口為載體，重新出現一個古老的人種實體。[19]非北歐人種的上升趨勢被稱為「去北歐化」（Denordization），當時的科學種族主義與北歐種族主義者紛紛對這種趨勢感到擔憂，他們認為法國與德國也同樣遭遇了類似情況（阿爾卑斯人種增多並占據主導地位）。在1950年代之後，人類學家將地中海人種當作整體白人不再細分。
20世紀初一位義大利人類學家朱塞佩·塞吉說他們其實發源於東非，他們與早期智人關係比其他人種密切。
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Karim Murji, John Solomos. Racialization: Studies In Theory And Practice. Oxford University Press. 2005: 215. ISBN 0199257035.
- ^ The Races of Europe （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Carleton Stevens Coon （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Chapter X: The British Isles – Great Britian, General Survey: "The industrial revolution, which has fostered dense under-privileged populations in the Midlands and on the Clyde, has enormously increased, by some selective process, the darker-haired and darker-eyed elements in Britain."
- ^ John Higham. Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925
. Rutgers University Press. 2002: 273. ISBN 0-8135-3123-3.
- ^ Bryan S Turner. The Early Sociology of Class. Taylor & Francis. 1998: 241. ISBN 0-415-16723-X.
- ^ The Races of Europe （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Carleton Stevens Coon （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. From Chapter XI: The Mediterranean World – Introduction: "The next strip to follow, in a geographical sense, would be the whole highland belt of central Europe stretching over to the Balkans, to Asia Minor, and across to the Caucasus and Turkestan. This second zone, however, is one of immense racial complexity. In it various branches of the greater Mediterranean family, of Neolithic date and later, have been modified by combining in various proportions with each other and with the autochthonous Alpine race. The key to the complexity of this zone lies in the genetic action of this last entity, which is apparently a reduced, somewhat foetalized, or more highly evolved branch of the old Paleolithic stock than those which we have been studying in the north. Since, however, it is the action of this element upon the Mediterranean family which is important here, it will be easier to study this zone after having surveyed the population of a third belt, that occupied by the purest living representatives of the Mediterranean race. This third racial zone stretches from Spain across the Straits of Gibraltar to Morocco, and thence along the southern Mediterranean shores into Arabia, East Africa, Mesopotamia, and the Persian highlands; and across Afghanistan into India. This zone is one of comparative racial simplicity. In it the brunet Mediterranean race lives today in its various regional forms without, in most cases, the complication of the Paleolithic survivals and reemergences which have so confused the racial picture on the ground of Europe itself. Only in the mountains of Morocco and Algeria, and in the Canary Islands, is such a survival of any importance. The Careful study of living populations of the Mediterranean race in its early homelands will do much to simplify the task which lies ahead."
- ^ The Races of Europe （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Carleton Stevens Coon （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. From Chapter X: The British Isles: "The Neolithic economy was probably first brought to Britain by the bearers of the Windmill Hill culture from the Continent, and they in turn were members of the group which had invaded western Europe from North Africa by way of Gibraltar. The racial type to which these Windmill Hill people presumably belonged was a small Mediterranean, but there is little or no direct skeletal evidence from England to confirm this. By far the most important Neolithic movement into Great Britain, and into Ireland as well, came by sea from the eastern Mediterranean lands, using Spain as a halting point on the way. It was this invasion which passed up the Irish Channel to western and northern Scotland, and around to Denmark and Sweden. The settlers who came by sea were the Megalithic people, and belonged to a clearly differentiated variety of tall, extremely long-headed Mediterranean, which was presumably for the most part brunet. This racial group furnished both Great Britain and Ireland, which consisted, before their arrival, of nearly empty land, with a numerous and civilized population which has left many descendants today."
- ^ Patrizia Palumbo. A Place in the Sun: Africa in Italian Colonial Culture from Post-Unification to the Present. University of California Press, 2003. P. 66.
- ^ Anne Maxwell. Picture Imperfect: Photography and Eugenics, 1870–1940. Paperback edition. Sussex Academic Press, 2010. P. 150.
- ^ "Our area, from Morocco to Afghanistan, is the homeland and cradle of the Mediterranean race. Mediterraneans are found also in Spain, Portugal, most of Italy, Greece and the Mediterranean islands, and in all these places, as in Southwest Asia, they form the major genetic element in the local populations. In a dark-skinned and finer-boned form they are also found as the major population element in Pakistan and northern India ... The Mediterranean race, then, is indigenous to, and the principal element in, the Southwest Asia, and the greatest concentration of a highly evolved Mediterranean type falls among two of the most ancient Semitic-speaking peoples, notably the Arabs and the Jews (Although it may please neither party, this is the truth.). The Mediterraneans occupy the center of the stage; their areas of greatest concentration are precisely those where civilization is the oldest. This is to be expected, since it was they who produced it and it, in a sense, that produced them.", Carleton Stevens Coon （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, the Story of the Middle East, 1958, pp. 154–157
- ^ On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind, Journal of the Ethnological Society of London (1870). [2023-02-03]. （原始內容存檔於2010-12-12）.
- ^ "Our area, from Morocco to Afghanistan, is the homeland and cradle of the Mediterranean race. Mediterraneans are found also in Spain, Portugal, most of Italy, Greece and the Mediterranean islands, and in all these places, as in Southwest Asia, they form the major genetic element in the local populations. In a dark-skinned and finer-boned form they are also found as the major population element in Pakistan and northern India ... The Mediterranean race, then, is indigenous to, and the principal element in, the Southwest Asia, and the greatest concentration of a highly evolved Mediterranean type falls among two of the most ancient Semitic-speaking peoples, notably the Arabs and the Jews (Although it may please neither party, this is the truth.). The Mediterraneans occupy the center of the stage; their areas of greatest concentration are precisely those where civilization is the oldest. This is to be expected, since it was they who produced it and it, in a sense, that produced them.", Carleton Stevens Coon （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, the Story of the Middle East, 1958, pp. 154–157
- ^ Coon, Carleton Stevens. The Races of Europe. Macmillan. 1939.
- ^ The human Tide: How Population Shaped the Modern World （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Paul Morland （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Part One: Population and History: The Weight of Numbers: "The small, dark types in England increase noticeably with every generation."
- ^ Eugenical News, Volumes 12-14 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by American Eugenics Society （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. VOL. XIII: Further Notes on "The Racial Elements of European History": "In England, since the industrial revolution, the Mediterranean substratum has increased until it constitutes nearly one half of the population."
- ^ The Popular Science Monthly, Volume 51，第193頁，載於Google圖書
- ^ Coon, Carleton Stevens. The Races of Europe. Macmillan. 1939.
- ^ Racial Realities in Europe （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Lothrop Stoddard. Chapter I: Racial Realities in Europe: "A century ago Europe began to bo transformed from an agricultural to an urbanized, industrial area. Countless cities and manufacturing centres grew up, where men were close packed and were subjected to all the evils of congested living. Of course, such conditions are not ideal for any stock. Nevertheless, the Nordic suffered more than any one else. The Nordic is essentially a high standard man. He requires healthful living conditions, and pines when deprived of good food, fresh air, and exercise. Too long as Europe was mainly agricultural the Nordic usually got these things. In fact, in cool Northern and Central Europe an agricultural environment actually favored the big blond Nordic as against the slighter, less muscular Mediterranean, while in the hotter south the Nordic upper class, being the rulers, were protected from field labor and thus survived as an aristocracy. Under modern conditions, however, the crowded city and the cramped factory weed out the Nordic much faster than they do the Alpine or the Mediterranean, both of which stocks seem to be able to stand such an environment with less damage to themselves. It is needless to add that the late war and its aftermath have been terrible blows to the Nordic race."
- ^ Racial Realities in Europe （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Lothrop Stoddard. Chapter I: Racial Realities in Europe: "In England the Mediterranean element seems to be increasing. A century or two ago it was probably insignificant. Since then the growth of city and factory life, emigration of Nordics, and immigration of Welsh and Irish laborers have combined to make the Mediterranean element a growing factor. Wales seems to be about three-fifths Mediterranean, while Ireland is over two-thirds Mediterranean in blood."
- ^ The Races of Europe （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Carleton Stevens Coon. Glossary: Appendix II: Reëmergence: "The reappearance of an older racial entity through the vehicle of a mixed population by the mechanism of differential selection."
