外團體同質性

外團體同質性是指外團體成員比內團體成員更類似的感覺，例如「他們都很像，而我們很多元」。^[1]感知者傾向於根據成員的核心趨勢或典型屬性來形成對團體成員多樣性或變化程度的印象。因此，外團體的刻板印象判斷被高估，造成刻板印象被過度概括。^[2]術語「外團體同質性效應」、「外團體同質性偏差」或「相對外團體同質性」通常與「外團體同質性」不同，應該予以區別，^[3]後者指的是客觀上的外團體低變異性，與內團體的觀點無關。

外團體同質性效應有時稱為「外團體同質性偏差」。該叫法暗示社會心理學領域中存在更廣泛的元理論爭議。爭論的焦點是對內團體和外團體同質性的強化認知的有效性，其中一些研究人員將同質效應視為認知偏誤的例子，而另一些研究人員則將這種效應視為正常且通常是適應性社會認知的例子。^[3]

外團體同質性效應是檢驗感知的群體變異性的更大研究領域的一部分。^[4]該領域包括團體內同質性效應以及團體外同質性效應，還涉及與團體內/外成員資格無關的感知群體變異性效應，例如與權力、群體的狀態和規模相關的效應。研究者在政治、種族、年齡和性別等等各種不同的社會群體中都發現了外群體同質效應，^[5]並注意到這種效應對刻板印象的影響。^[6]

經驗證據

一項研究提供了該現象的一個案例：研究人員要求90名女生聯誼會成員判斷她們自己和另2個團體的內部相似度。結果發現，每個參與者都認為自己的聯誼會成員比其他團體的成員更加不同。^[7]

基於種族的調查

一項實驗中，研究人員發現其他種族的不同個人確實看起來比本種族的成員更相似。在給白人學生看了一些白人和黑人的面孔後，他們能更準確地辨識出看過的白人面孔，卻經常錯認之前並未看過的黑人面孔。而當受試者由黑人組成時，則出現了相反的結果。^[8]

參見

參考文獻

^ Quattrone, George A.; Jones, Edward E. The perception of variability within in-groups and out-groups: Implications for the law of small numbers.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1980, 38 (1): 141–152. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.1.141.
^ Judd, Charles M.; Ryan, Carey S.; Park, Bernadette. Accuracy in the judgment of in-group and out-group variability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1991, 61 (3): 366–379. PMID 1941509. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.366.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Haslam, Alex; Oakes, Penny; Turner, John; McGarty, Craig. Sorrentino, Richard; Higgins, Edward , 編. Social identity, self-categorization, and the perceived homogeneity of ingroups and outgroups: The interaction between social motivation and cognition 3. New York: Guilford Press. 1996: 182–222. ISBN 9781572300521.
^ Rubin, M.; Badea, C. They're all the same!...but for several different reasons: A review of the multicausal nature of perceived group variability. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2012, 21 (6): 367–372. S2CID 51228603. doi:10.1177/0963721412457363. hdl:1959.13/941025 .
^ Rubin, M., Hewstone, M., Crisp, R. J., Voci, A., & Richards, Z. (2004). Gender out-group homogeneity: The roles of differential familiarity, gender differences, and group size. In V. Yzerbyt, C. M. Judd, & O. Corneille (Eds.), The psychology of group perception: Perceived variability, entitativity, and essentialism (pp. 203-220). New York: Psychology Press. （[//web.archive.org/web/20230624150418/https://books.google.com/books?id=IA9Qg-fDga8C&dq=rubin+gender+out-group+homogeneity&pg=PA153 頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） [View]]
^ Rubin, Mark; Badea, Constantina. Why Do People Perceive Ingroup Homogeneity on Ingroup Traits and Outgroup Homogeneity on Outgroup Traits?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2007, 33 (1): 31–42. PMID 17178928. S2CID 25114612. doi:10.1177/0146167206293190.
^ Park, Bernadette; Rothbart, Myron. Perception of out-group homogeneity and level of social categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1982, 42 (6): 1051–1068. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.6.1051.
^ Chance, June; Goldstein, Alvin. Depth of processing in response to own and other race faces. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1981, 7 (3): 475–480. S2CID 144578161. doi:10.1177/014616728173017.

延伸閱讀

Mullen, Brian; Hu, Li-Tze. Perceptions of Ingroup and Outgroup Variability: A Meta-Analytic Integration. Basic and Applied Social Psychology. 1989, 10 (3): 233–252. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp1003_3.
Quattrone, G. A. Worchel, S.; Austin, W. G. , 編. Psychology of intergroup relations 2nd. Chicago: Nelson-Hall. 1986. ISBN 0-8304-1075-9.

外部連結

Mendeley 收集（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）了 70 多篇研究論文，涉及感知到的團體變異性、內團體同質性和外團體同質性

[Quattrone_&_Jones_(1980)-1] Quattrone, George A.; Jones, Edward E. The perception of variability within in-groups and out-groups: Implications for the law of small numbers.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1980, 38 (1): 141–152. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.1.141.

[2] Judd, Charles M.; Ryan, Carey S.; Park, Bernadette. Accuracy in the judgment of in-group and out-group variability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1991, 61 (3): 366–379. PMID 1941509. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.366.

[Haslam_et_al._(1996).-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Haslam, Alex; Oakes, Penny; Turner, John; McGarty, Craig. Sorrentino, Richard; Higgins, Edward , 編. Social identity, self-categorization, and the perceived homogeneity of ingroups and outgroups: The interaction between social motivation and cognition 3. New York: Guilford Press. 1996: 182–222. ISBN 9781572300521.

[4] Rubin, M.; Badea, C. They're all the same!...but for several different reasons: A review of the multicausal nature of perceived group variability. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2012, 21 (6): 367–372. S2CID 51228603. doi:10.1177/0963721412457363. hdl:1959.13/941025 .

[Rubin2004-5] Rubin, M., Hewstone, M., Crisp, R. J., Voci, A., & Richards, Z. (2004). Gender out-group homogeneity: The roles of differential familiarity, gender differences, and group size. In V. Yzerbyt, C. M. Judd, & O. Corneille (Eds.), The psychology of group perception: Perceived variability, entitativity, and essentialism (pp. 203-220). New York: Psychology Press. （[//web.archive.org/web/20230624150418/https://books.google.com/books?id=IA9Qg-fDga8C&dq=rubin+gender+out-group+homogeneity&pg=PA153 頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） [View]]

[Rubin_&_Badea_(2007)-6] Rubin, Mark; Badea, Constantina. Why Do People Perceive Ingroup Homogeneity on Ingroup Traits and Outgroup Homogeneity on Outgroup Traits?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2007, 33 (1): 31–42. PMID 17178928. S2CID 25114612. doi:10.1177/0146167206293190.

[Park_&_Rothbart_(1982).-7] Park, Bernadette; Rothbart, Myron. Perception of out-group homogeneity and level of social categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1982, 42 (6): 1051–1068. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.6.1051.

[Chance_&_Goldstein_(1981).-8] Chance, June; Goldstein, Alvin. Depth of processing in response to own and other race faces. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1981, 7 (3): 475–480. S2CID 144578161. doi:10.1177/014616728173017.

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閱論編認知偏誤
認知與決策偏誤	不明確性效應定錨效應注意力偏誤可得性捷思法從眾效應巴納姆效應信念偏誤偏見盲點啦啦隊效應支持選擇偏誤集群錯覺雞尾酒會效應確認偏誤相合性偏誤文化偏誤知識的詛咒誘餌效應差異偏差（英語：Distinction bias）過程時間忽視（英語：Duration neglect）自我中心（英語：Egocentric bias）移情隔閡稟賦效應不當類比草率歸納框架效應功能固著投射作用史學家謬誤基本歸因達克效應暈輪效應難易效應後見之明敵對媒體效應尖角效應可辨識受害者效應宜家效應控制的錯覺效度的錯覺錯覺相關影響力偏誤（英語：Impact bias）資訊偏誤妄下結論公正世界理論損失趨避多看效應心靈投射謬誤負面偏誤忽略可能性正常化偏誤不作為偏誤樂觀偏誤鴕鳥效應結果偏誤過度自信效應空想性錯視悲觀偏誤規劃謬誤當下偏誤（英語：Present bias）迴歸謬誤自利性現狀偏差刻板印象單位偏誤斯德哥爾摩症候群熟悉路線效應主觀驗證倖存者偏誤雷斯多夫效應一廂情願零風險偏誤姓名決定論生日數字效應姓名字母效應
統計與機率偏誤	基本比率謬誤合取謬誤辯護人謬誤估計量偏差賭徒謬誤逆賭徒謬誤熱手謬誤檢察官謬誤選擇偏誤（英語：selection bias）多重比較謬誤德州神槍手謬誤戲局謬誤
其他偏誤	偏誤類型（維基數據所列：Q100912473）歸納偏置全文偏誤教育中的偏誤（英語：Bias in education）媒體偏見虛假平衡美國新聞媒體與越南戰爭（英語：United States news media and the Vietnam War）南亞的媒體偏見（英語：Media bias in South Asia）美國的媒體偏見（英語：Media bias in the United States）媒體對阿以衝突的報道（英語：Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict）媒體對烏克蘭危機的報導發表偏差白帽子偏誤（英語：White hat bias）
應對方法	認知偏差緩解（英語：Cognitive bias mitigation）除偏（英語：Debiasing）判斷與決策中的啟發式方法（英語：Heuristics in judgment and decision-making）
主題偏誤類型（維基數據所列：Q100912473）分類列表