環節動物門
 | 此條目可參照英語維基百科相應條目來擴充。 (2024年4月16日) |
環節動物門 化石時期：
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| 《自然界的藝術形態》（1904），圖版96: Chaetopoda | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 亞界： | 真後生動物亞界 Eumetazoa |
| 演化支： | 副同源異形基因動物 ParaHoxozoa |
| 演化支： | 兩側對稱動物 Bilateria |
| 演化支： | 腎管動物 Nephrozoa |
| 演化支： | 原口動物 Protostomia |
| 演化支： | 螺旋動物 Spiralia |
| 總門： | 冠輪動物總門 Lophotrochozoa |
| 門： | 環節動物門 Annelida Lamarck, 1809 |
| 綱 | |
| 多樣性[1] | |
| 約17,000個已確認的現存種 | |
環節動物門（學名：Annelida）是動物界的一個門，該門動物為兩側對稱、同律分節的裂生體腔動物，有的具疣足和剛毛，多閉管式循環系統、鏈式神經系統。常見環節動物有：蚯蚓、螞蟥（又稱水蛭）、沙蠶等。
身體構造
[編輯]環節動物的消化系統由口，咽，食道，腺囊，肌肉胃，中腸和肛門組成，循環系統由心臟，腹背兩套血管和滋養器官的小型側邊血管組成。
每一個體節里有兩個後腎管，它們負責收集前一體節的體液。體液通過腎孔流到下一體節，途中經過盤曲的腎管，直到膀胱。然後通過腎孔排出體外。終尿裡面是含氮的物質。而無機鹽則會被腎管上皮重吸收回到血液。為了平衡通過皮膚吸收的水分，尿液會稀釋得很厲害。每天可排出約體重的60%稀薄尿液。後腎管被腹膜「綁」著固定於體腔壁上。
環節動物的繁殖能力非常強：體節的分離和出芽生殖的無性生殖。但有性生殖也很重要。多毛綱的動物大多是雌雄異體。而原環蟲綱則是雌雄同體。
下屬分類
[編輯]見：環節動物分類表
本門包括以下綱：[2]
- 綱和目的地位未定的科：
- Amphinomea
- Antillesomatidae
- Cloudinidae
- Hercolepadidae
- Hrabeiellidae
- Lepidocoelidae
- Lobatocerebridae
- Rhynchobdellae
- Siphonosomatidae
- 綱、目和科的地位未定的屬：
- Acritobdella Ringuelet, 1978
- Adaetobdella Ringuelet, 1978
- Adenobdella Leidy, 1885
- Albione Savigny, 1822
- Ambalodus Branson & Mehl, 1933
- Ancyrobdella Oka, 1917
- Anoculobdella Weber, 1915
- Anoigmaichnus Vinn, Wilson, Mõtus & Toom, 2014
- Argyrobdella Cordero, 1937
- Asabellarifex Klähn, 1932
- Astacobdella Moquin-Tandon, 1846
- Aulacodus Pander, 1856
- Aulacostomum Grube, 1850
- Aulozoon Gehling & Runnegar, 2022
- Bakedebdella Sciacchitano, 1939
- Barbarodina Stauffer, 1935
- Belodus Pander, 1856
- Blennobdella Blanchard, 1849
- Bransonella Harlton, 1933
- Cardiodus Branson & Mehl, 1933
- Caribeobdella Ringuelet, 1976
- Centrognathus Branson & Mehl, 1935
- Cephalopus Gronov, 1762
- Chenidrilus Song, 1994
- Clepsinides Augener, 1926
- Cololites Agassiz, 1836
- Colombobdella Mane-Garzon, 1973
- Conphytobdella Richardson, 1975
- Crossopodia M'Coy, 1851
- Cymatobranchus Selensky
- Dacnobdella Ringuelet, 1978
- Dactylobdella van Beneden & Hesse, 1863
- Dagarobdella Finogenova & Snimschikova, 1991
- Dartevellida Sciacchitano, 1939
- Democedes Kinberg, 1866
- Dermobdella Philippi, 1867
- Dichognathus Branson & Mehl, 1933
- Diplotuba Badve & Ghare, 1984
- Dualigenys Courtinat, 1998
- Dubichaetaspis Eriksson, 1998
- Dundjibdella Sciacchitano, 1939
- Epsteinia Utevsky, 1994
- Erpobdelliformes Sawyer, 1986
- Eubranchella Baird, 1869
- Exochleius Rafinesque, 1819
- Ganymedes Leigh-Sharpe, 1915
- Glossobdella de Blainville, 1827
- Glossophora Gray, 1831
- Glossopora Johnson, 1817
- Gnatho Goldfuss, 1820
- Gnathodella Matern, 1933
- Goel Oken, 1815
- Granelia Harant & Verniéres, 1936
- Gyrognathus Stauffer, 1935
- Haemobdella Brandt, 1911
- Haemocharis Savigny, 1822
- Haemonis Bernouilli, 1849
- Hararbdella Sciacchitano, 1941
- Haughtonia Kinahan, 1859
- Helluo Oken, 1815
- Helminthodes Marsh, 1864
- Herpetonites Otto, 1855
- Heterognathus Stauffer, 1935
- Hippobdella de Blainville, 1827
- Hirudella Münster, 1842
- Histioderma Kinahan, 1858
- Huananoserpula Xu, Lin & Wang, 1992
- Hybobdella Weyenbergh, 1879
- Hylacobdella Sciacchitano, 1935
- Hypsobdella Weber, 1915
- Icthyodus Harris & Hollingsworth, 1933
- Idiobdella Harding, 1913
- Idrisobdella Leigh-Sharpe, 1933
- Igriodus Branson & Mehl, 1933
- Imbricina Rovereto, 1904
- Ischyracanthus Marsh, 1865
- Jatrobdella de Blainville, 1827
- Jennaria Rieger, 1991
- Lapillitubus Belaústegui & Belaústegui, 2017
- Lapispira Lange, 1932
- Lecthaylus Weller, 1925
- Lepodus Branson & Mehl, 1933
- Leptostoma Whitman, 1886
- Lobina Moquin-Tandon, 1846
- Lonchodus Pander, 1856
- Lonchosaccus Ruedemann, 1925
- Maghrebiella Baha & Berra, 2001
- Maiabdella Ringuelet, 1980
- Malayabdella Richardson, 1975
- Matadibdella Sciacchitano, 1939
- Meanderovaleichnus Cónsole-Gonella & Aceñolaza, 2014
- Micrapium Thorell, 1870
- Microstoma Whitman, 1885
- Miskoia Walcott, 1911
- Moluccabdella Richardson, 1975
- Mongbwalubdella Sciacchitano, 1939
- Monopus Gosse, 1855
- Mooreotorix Lukin, 1976
- Moquinia Blanchard, 1888
- Multidentodus Harlton, 1933
- Myrianites MacLeay, 1839
- Nemapodia Emmons, 1846
- Nosamia Rafinesque, 1814
- Nothognathella Branson & Mehl, 1933
- Oikobesalon Thomas & Smith, 1998
- Oliveiriana Maury, 1927
- Ophibdella Beneden & Hesse, 1863
- Ornataporta Gardner, 1916
- Ortonia Nicholson, 1872
- Pachysomia Kilwinning-Smith, 1907
- Palaeobdella Blainville, 1829
- Palaeohirudo Kozur, 1970
- Palaeonereis Eichwald, 1856
- Palaeorbis Beneden & Coemans, 1867
- Palmatodella Bassler, 1925
- Paltodus Pander, 1856
- Panderodella Ulrich & Bassler, 1926
- Parapontobdella Harant, 1929
- Paratorix Lukin & Epshtein, 1960
- Pentabdella Llewellyn, 1966
- Pharyngobdelliformes Caballero, 1952
- Phormio Goldfuss, 1820
- Pilothylakos Manum, Bose & Sawyer, 1991
- Pinacobdella Diesing, 1850
- Plagiodina Cooper, 1933
- Plagiogmus Roedel, 1929
- Plectospathodus Branson & Mehl, 1933
- Podobdella Diesing, 1850
- Podoclepsis Dequal, 1916
- Polodorites Douvillé, 1907
- Polycaulodus Branson & Mehl, 1933
- Polygnathodella Harlton, 1933
- Polyupsilon Howell, 1957
- Prioniodella Bassler, 1925
- Prionocanthus Pander, 1856
- Pseudobdella Blainville, 1827
- Pyrgopolopsis Rovereto, 1903
- Sabellarites Dawson, 1890
- Sabellarites Richter, 1920
- Sanguisuga Bruguière, 1789
- Schlegelia Weyenbergh, 1880
- Sciobdella Richardson, 1971
- Scolopodella Stauffer & Plummer, 1932
- Scorpaenobdella Saint-Loup, 1886
- Scotlandia Cossmann, 1909
- Semiscoloides Sawyer, 1986
- Serpulina Zborzevski, 1834
- Serpuloides Murchison, 1839
- Skolekichnus Ellenberger, 1974
- Sphagodus Eichwald, 1854
- Spinacoleus Schallreuter, 1985
- Stephanodella Matern, 1933
- Suabdella
- Subcordylodus Stauffer, 1935
- Subprioniodus Smith, 1907
- Sulcichnus Martinell & Domenech, 2009
- Synprioniodina Bassler, 1925
- Telumodina Cooper, 1931
- Tentaculina Zborzewski, 1834
- Tetralysis Eudes-DesLongchamps, 1878
- Thartharella Elliot, 1980
- Tortoniodus Stauffer, 1935
- Trachelobdella Moore, 1957
- Trachyderma Phillips, 1848
- Tribothrynobdella Ringuelet, 1976
- Trigonobdella Sciacchitano, 1939
- Tristabdella Richardson, 1975
- Trucherognathus Branson & Mehl, 1933
- Trulliodbella Brinkmann, 1948
- Typhlobdella Diesing, 1850
- Urotheca Matthew, 1899
- Valentia Smith, 1907
- Vermicularis Borson
- Vermiculites Bronn, 1848
- Virgulaxonia Yin, 1937
- Wenghuiia Wang & Wang, 2008
- Worthenella Walcott, 1911
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Zhang, Zhi-Qiang. Animal biodiversity: An update of classification and diversity in 2013. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa. 2013-08-30, 3703 (1): 5 [2018-03-02]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.3. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-24）.
- ^ Annelida. GBIF. [2023-05-23]. （原始內容存檔於2023-05-29）.
