蜾蠃亞科
蜾蠃亞科
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| Ancistrocerus species[1] | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 節肢動物門 Arthropoda |
| 綱： | 昆蟲綱 Insecta |
| 目： | 膜翅目 Hymenoptera |
| 總科： | 胡蜂總科 Vespoidea |
| 科： | 胡蜂科 Vespidae |
| 亞科： | 蜾蠃亞科 Eumeninae |
| 多樣性 | |
| 本亞科有接近200個屬、3000個物種。 | |
形態
[編輯]本亞科物種普遍均為色黑或棕，常帶有鮮明的黃色、白色、橙色、紅色、甚或上述各色混合的斑紋。
習性
[編輯]
蜾蠃亞科大多數獨棲，雌蜂在交配後會選擇合適的地點築巢，並在巢內繁衍後代[2]。蜾蠃亞科物種築巢方法多樣，有些會利用現有由其他鞘翅目或膜翅目物種曾在木塊上建立的廢棄管道裡棲息；也有些會在人工建築（如：建築物或電子部件上的鑽孔或釘孔）裡棲息；但大多數會在地底或地面上利用沙泥築成巢穴。牠們的巢穴不像其他蜂類那樣有多室，而是一般只有一個窩室，少數會有多於一個。因此，過往有假設認為蜾蠃亞科物種正處於從獨居到的有階級真社會性結構的過渡期[3]。蜾蠃用來築巢的泥沙會以反吐出來的水黏合，但有不少物種會用咀嚼過後的植物來黏合。
蜾蠃亞科的雌蜂通常通過分泌毒素麻痹獵物[4]，主要捕食鱗翅目昆蟲[5]，將其置於蟲室內供孵化幼蟲取食，隨後用泥塊密封蟲室和巢口[6][7]。
分類
[編輯]蜾蠃亞科是胡蜂科五個亞科之中生物多樣性最高的一個，有205個屬、3700多個物種[8][9][10]。Zethinae亞科的成員過往亦屬於蜾蠃亞科，但近年的研究認為這些物種在存在會令本亞科成為一個並系群，因為將牠們抽出來自組一個亞科[3]。
蜾蠃亞科包括以下屬：
- Abispa Mitchell, 1838
- Acanthodynerus Gusenleitner, 1969
- Acarodynerus Giordani Soika, 1962
- Acarozumia Bequaert, 1921
- Afrepipona Giordani Soika, 1965
- Afreumenes Bequaert, 1926
- Afrodynerus Giordani Soika, 1934
- Afrogamma Giordani Soika, 1987
- Afroxanthodynerus Giordani Soika, 1979
- Alastor Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1841
- Alastorynerus Blüthgen, 1938
- Alfieria Giordani Soika, 1934
- Allepipona Giordani Soika, 1987
- Allodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
- Allorhynchium Vecht, 1963
- Alphamenes Bertoni, 1934
- Ancistroceroides Saussure, 1855
- Antamenes Giordani Soika, 1957
- 啄蜾蠃屬 Antepipona de Saussure, 1855
- Anterhynchium de Saussure, 1863
- Antezumia de Saussure, 1875
- Antherhynchium
- Antodynerus Saussure, 1855
- Apodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993
- Araucodynerus Willink, 1968
- Archancistrocerus Giordani Soika, 1986
- Argentozethus Stange, 1979
- Aruodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993
- Asiodynerus Kurzenko, 1977
- Astalor Schulthess, 1925
- Australodynerus Giordani Soika, 1962
- Australozethus Giordani-Soika, 1969
- Belonogaster de Saussure, 1854
- Brachymenes Giordani Soika, 1961
- Brachyodynerus Bluethgen, 1938
- Brachypipona Gusenleitner, 1967
- Calligaster de Saussure, 1852
- Carinstrocerus Giordani Soika, 1989
- Catilostenus Meunier, 1888
- Cephalastor Giordani Soika, 1982
- Cephalochilus Blüthgen, 1939
- Cephalodynerus Parker, 1965
- Chartergus Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1836
- Chelodynerus Perkins, 1902
- Chlorodynerus Bluethgen, 1951
- Chlunodynerus
- Clorodynerus
- Coeleumenes Vecht, 1963
- Coelodynerus
- Convextrocerus Giordani Soika, 1989
- Crassodynerus
- Crastinocerus
- Crestocranius
- Ctenochilus Saussure, 1856
- Cuyodynerus Willink, 1968
- Cyphodynerus
- Cyphomenes Giordani Soika, 1978
- Cyrtalastor Giordani Soika, 1989
- Cyrteumenes Giordani Soika, 1991
- 細蜾蠃屬 Cyrtolabulus Van der Vecht, 1969
- Delta Saussure, 1855
- Deuterodiscoelius Dalla Torre, 1904
- Diemodynerus Giordani Soika, 1962
- Discoelius Latreille, 1809
- Dolichodynerus Bohart, 1939
- 外舌蜾蠃屬 Ectopioglossa Perkins, 1912
- Elimus de Saussure, 1852
- Elisella Soika, 1974
- Epiodynerus Giordani Soika, 1957
- Epsilon Saussure, 1855
- Eremodynerus Blüthgen, 1939
- Erodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993
- Eudiscoelius Friese, 1904
- Eumenemorphus Gusenleitner, 1995
- Eumenestiferus Meunier, 1888
- Eumenidiopsis Giordani Soika, 1939
- Eumicrodynerus Gusenleitner, 1972
- Eunortonia Carpenter, 1985
- Euodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
- Euodynerus Ma, Chen & Li, 2017
- Eustenancistrocerus Blüthgen, 1938
- Flammodynerus Giordani Soika, 1962
- Flavoleptus Giordani Soika, 1992
- Gamma Zavattari, 1912
- Gastrodynerus Bohart, 1984
- Gibberhynchium
- Gioiella Giordani Soika, 1985
- Giordania Gusenleitner, 1995
- Globepipona Gusenleitner, 1998
- Globodynerus Giordani Soika, 1987
- Gribodia Zavattari, 1912
- Gymnomerus Blüthgen, 1938
- Harmorhynchium Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994
- Hemipterochilis
- Hemipterochilus Ferton, 1909
- Hirtocoelius Giordani Soika, 1992
- Hoplomerus
- Hypalastoroides Saussure, 1856
- Hypancistrocerus Saussure, 1855
- Incodynerus Willink, 1968
- Intereuodynerus Gusenleitner, 1997
- Interzumia Gusenleitner, 2002
- Irianmenes Giordani Soika, 1993
- Ischnocoelia Perkins, 1908
- Ischnogasteroides Magretti, 1884
- Jucancistrocerus Bluethgen, 1938
- 黃斑蜾蠃屬 Katamenes Meade-Waldo, 1910
- Kennetia
- Knemodynerus Blüthgen, 1940
- Labochilus Bluthgen, 1939
- 小柄蜾蠃屬 Labus de Saussure, 1867
- Laevimenes Giordani Soika, 1978
- Lamellodynerus Gusenleitner, 1999
- Latimenes Giordani Soika, 1992
- Latrodynerus
- Leionotus Saussure, 1853
- Leptocheilus
- Leptochiloides Bohart, 1940
- Leptochilus de Saussure, 1853
- Leptodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
- Leptomenes Giordani Soika, 1939
- Leptomenoides Giordani Soika, 1962
- 細盾蜾蠃屬 Leptomicrodynerus Giordani Soika, 1985
- Leptopterocheilus Giordani Soika, 1953
- Leucodynerus Bohart, 1982
- Lissepipona Giordani Soika, 1995
- Lissodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993
- Macrocalymma Perkins, 1908
- Malagassodynerus Gusenleitner, 1992
- Malayepipona Giordani Soika, 1993
- Malgachemenes Gusenleitner, 1992
- Maricopodynerus Viereck, 1908
- Mecodynerus
- Micreumenes Ashmead, 1902
- Microdynerus Thomson, 1874
- Minixi Giordani Soika, 1978
- Mitrodynerus
- Monobia de Saussure, 1852
- Monodynerus Gusenleitner, 1982
- Montezumia de Saussure, 1852
- Nannodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
- Nesodynerus Perkins, 1901
- Nestocoelius Giordani Soika, 1992
- Nirtenia Giordani Soika, 1989
- Nortonia de Saussure, 1869
- Nortozumia Van der Vecht, 1937
- Odontodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
- Okinawepipona Yamane, 1987
- Omicrabulus Giordani Soika, 1987
- Omicroides Giordani Soika, 1935
- Omicron de Saussure, 1855
- Onychopterocheilus Bluethgen, 1955
- Orancistrocerus Vecht, 1963
- 奧蜾蠃屬 Oreumenes Bequaert, 1926
- Oreumenoides Giordani Soika, 1961
- Ovodynerus Giordani Soika, 1985
- Pachodynerus Saussure, 1875
- Pachycoelius Giordani-Soika, 1969
- Pachymenes de Saussure, 1852
- Pachyminixi Giordani Soika, 1978
- Parachilus Goirdani Soika, 1960
- Paragymnomerus Blüthgen, 1938
- Paralastor Saussure, 1856
- Paraleptomenes Giordani Soika, 1970
- Paralionotulus Blüthgen, 1938
- Paramischocyttarus Magretti, 1884
- Parancistrocerus Bequaert, 1925
- Paranortonia Bertoni, 1934
- Pararaphidoglossa Zavattari, 1912
- 旁喙蜾蠃屬 Pararrhynchium de Saussure, 1855
- Paraslator
- Paravespa Radoszkowski, 1886
- Paravespula Blüthgen, 1938
- Parazumia Saussure, 1855
- 秀蜾蠃屬 Pareumenes de Saussure, 1855
- Parifodynerus Soika, 1962
- Parodontodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
- Parodynerus de Saussure, 1855
- Philippodynerus Gusenleitner, 1996
- Phimenes Giordani Soika, 1992
- Phimenes de Saussure, 1855
- Pirhosigma Giordani Soika, 1978
- Plagiolabra Schulthess, 1903
- Plocancistrocerus
- Polistepipona Giordani Soika, 1989
- Polistes Latreille, 1802
- Polybia Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1836
- Postepipona Soika, 1974
- Proepipona Giordani Soika, 1977
- Protodiscoelius Dalla Torre, 1904
- Pseudabispa Vecht, 1960
- Pseudacaromenes Giordani Soika, 1978
- Pseudagris Saussure, 1863
- Pseudalastor Giordani Soika, 1962
- Pseudepipona Dalla Torre
- Pseudepipona Saussure, 1856
- Pseudochilus Saussure, 1856
- Pseudodontodynerus Blüthgen, 1939
- Pseudodynerus de Saussure, 1855
- Pseudoleptochilus Blüthgen, 1938
- Pseudomicrodymerus
- Pseudomicrodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
- Pseudonortonia Timon-David, 1944
- Pseudopterocheilus Perkins, 1901
- Pseudosymmorphus Blüthgen, 1938
- Pseudozethus Perkins, 1914
- Pseudozumia Saussure, 1875
- Pseumenes Giordani Soika, 1935
- Psiliglossa S.S.Saunders, 1852
- Pterocheilus Klug, 1805
- Pterochilus
- Pteromenes Giordani Soika, 1960
- Raphiglossa S.S.Saunders, 1850
- Raphiglossoides Giordani Soika, 1936
- Rhaphiglossa
- Rhynchagris Maidl, 1915
- Rhynchalastor Meade-Waldo, 1910
- Rhynchium Spinola, 1806
- Rotundipetiolus Zhang, 1989
- Rugomenes Giordani Soika, 1992
- Rygchium Spinola, 1806
- Santamenes Giordani Soika, 1990
- Smeringodynerus Snelling, 1975
- Sphaeromenes Giordani Soika, 1978
- Spinilabochilus Kurzenko, 1981
- Stellepipona Giordani Soika, 1973
- Stenancistrocerus Saussure, 1863
- Stenodyneriellus Giordani Soika, 1962
- Stenodynerus Saussure, 1864
- Stenonartonia Giordani Soika, 1973
- Stenosigma Giordani Soika, 1978
- Stroudia Gribodo, 1892
- Subancistrocerus de Saussure, 1855
- Symmorphus Wesmael, 1836
- Synagis
- Synagris Latreille, 1802
- Synargris
- Syneuodynerus Blüthgen, 1951
- Tachyancistrocerus Giordani Soika, 1952
- Tachymenes Giordani Soika, 1983
- Trachyodynerus Giordani Soika, 1989
- Tricarinodynerus Giordani Soika, 1952
- Trichodynerus
- Tropidodynerus Blüthgen, 1939
- Tuleara Gusenleitner, 2000
- Xanthodynerus Blüthgen, 1954
- Xenorhynchium Vecht, 1963
- Zeta de Saussure, 1855
- Zeteumenes Bertoni, 1921
- Zeteumenidion
- Zethus Fabricius, 1804
生態應用
[編輯]在農林生態系統中，蜾蠃亞科不僅是農作物的傳粉者，還是農林害蟲的天敵[5]。
圖庫
[編輯]-
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Potter's wasp nests, Springdale, AR -
Pseudodynerus quadrisectus nest built in a hole bored by a carpenter bee -
Phimenes flavopictus nectaring -
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Phimenes flavopictus building nest
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參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Cirrus Digital: Potter Wasp and Mud Pot Nest （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- ^ Costa, Camila Cristina Ferreira da; Gonçalves, Rodrigo Barbosa. What do we know about Neotropical trap‑nesting bees? Synopsis about their nest biology and taxonomy. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 2019-05-15, 59: e20195926. doi:10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.26.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Piekarski, PK; Carpenter, JM; Lemmon, AR; Moriarty-Lemmon, E; Sharanowski, BJ. Phylogenomic Evidence Overturns Current Conceptions of Social Evolution in Wasps (Vespidae). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2018-06, 35 (9): 2097–2109. doi:10.1093/molbev/msy124 （英語）.
- ^ 李參; 王鐵偉, 董秀仁. 黄唇蜾蠃蜂及其利用的初步研究. 昆蟲學報. 1975, 18 (2): 151–155 [2024-09-13]. （原始內容存檔於2024-09-13）.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 陸俊; 李文強，劉琪，冉芸琪，胡鋒，龔文奧，張詩雨，章肇棋，黃敦元. 黄缘蜾蠃营巢生物学研究. 環境昆蟲學報. 2024, (3): 744–752 [2024-09-13]. （原始內容存檔於2024-09-13）.
- ^ Fateryga, A. V. The nest structure in four wasp species of the genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre (Hymenoptera, Vespidae: Eumeninae). Entomological Review. 2013-07, 93 (4): 412–421. doi:10.1134/S0013873813030027.
- ^ Cowan, David P. 2. The Solitary and Presocial Vespidae. 2. The Solitary and Presocial Vespidae. Cornell University Press. : 33–73 [2024-09-13]. ISBN 978-1-5017-1867-0. （原始內容存檔於2024-09-13） （英語）.
- ^ Carpenter, James M. The phylogenetic relationships and natural classificition of the Vespoidea (Hymenptera). Systematic Entomology. 1982-01, 7 (1): 11–38. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1982.tb00124.x.
- ^ Nidup, Tshering; Klein, Wim; Kumar, P. Girish; Dorji, Phurpa. Additional reports of solitary potter wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) in Bhutan. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 2018-04-26, 10 (5): 11686. doi:10.11609/jott.3888.10.5.11686-11696.
- ^ Tan, Jiang-Li; Carpenter, James M.; van Achterberg, Cornelis. An illustrated key to the genera of Eumeninae from China, with a checklist of species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). ZooKeys. 2018-03-02, 740: 109–149. doi:10.3897/zookeys.740.22654.
- James M. Carpenter. A synonymic generic checklist of the Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (PDF). Psyche (entomological journal). 1986, 93: 61–90 [2019-05-16]. doi:10.1155/1986/12489. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2019-07-18）.
- Carpenter, J. M. & B. R. Garcete-Barrett. 2003. A key to the neotropical genera of Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay 14: 52–73.
- Giordani Soika, 1989. Terzo contributo alla conoscenza degli eumenidi afrotropicali (Hymenoptera). Societa Veneziana di Scienze Naturali Lavori 14(1) 1989: 19–68.
- Giordani Soika, A. 1992. Di alcuni eumenidi nuovi o poco noti (Hymenoptera Vespoidea). Societá Veneziana di Scienze Naturali Lavori 17 1992: 41–68.
- Giordani Soika, A. 1993. Di alcuni nuovi eumenidi della regione orientale (Hym. Vespoidea). Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia 42, 30 giugno 1991(1993): 151–163.
- Gusenleitner. 1992. Zwei neue Eumeniden-Gattungen und -Arten aus Madagaskar (Vespoidea, Hymenoptera). Linzer Biologische Beiträge 24(1) 1992: 91–96.
- CSIRO Entomology Division. 1991. The Insects of Australia: a textbook for Students and Research. 2nd Edition. Melbourne University Press and Cornell University Press. 1137 pp.
外部連結
[編輯]
維基物種上的相關資訊：蜾蠃亞科- Eumenes spp., potter wasps of Florida （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
- Vespidae: Potter wasps; Vespid wasps; Social wasps; Hornets; Paper wasps; Yellowjackets （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- Subfamily Eumeninae - Potter and Mason Wasps （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
