鱗足螺

鱗足螺
保護狀況
	; 瀕危（IUCN 3.1）
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	軟體動物門 Mollusca
綱：	腹足綱 Gastropoda
科：	Peltospiridae科 Peltospiridae
屬：	鱗足螺屬 Chrysomallon; Chen, Linse, Copley & Rogers, 2015
種：	鱗足螺 C. squamiferum
二名法
	Chrysomallon squamiferum; Chen, Linse, Copley & Rogers, 2015
異名
	Crysomallon squamiferum（拼寫錯誤）;

鱗足螺（學名：Chrysomallon squamiferum），又名鱗角腹足蝸牛^[3]，是一種生活在深海熱泉的海螺，屬於Peltospiridae（英語：Peltospiridae）科的海洋腹足綱軟體動物物種^[2]，也是鱗足螺屬（Chrysomallon）的單型種。本物種不單與其他深海腹足綱物種相異甚遠，就連同屬Neomphaloidea總科的物種亦與之相異甚遠^[4]。2019年，因深海資源開發將對熱泉區帶來的環境影響，它以瀕危（endangered，指很可能會絕滅的物種）^[5]的級別被列入國際自然保護聯盟（IUCN）的瀕危物種紅色名錄^[6]^[7]。

其螺殼雖然亦是與其他腹足綱物種一樣由三層組成，但部分的化學構成有所不同：最外一層由硫化鐵組成，中間一層相當於其他物種的有機外殼膜，而最裡層則由霰石構成。其腹足亦很特別，裹有礦物化了的鐵構成的鱗甲。這亦是本物種的名稱由來。

其異常大的食道腺住有共生性 Γ-變形菌，；而其心臟按其身體體型與其他動物來比較亦是異常的大，佔了整個身體的4%體積^[4]。

習性

其生活在印度洋海域2400米到2800米深的深海熱泉^[2]。該物種被首次發現於2001年，位於印度洋中洋脊2420米深深海熱泉的黑色海底煙柱旁^[8]。該物種隨後也在Solitaire與Longqi區域被發現^[9]^[10]^[11]。

註釋

參考文獻

This article incorporates Creative Commons (CC-BY-4.0) text from references^[4]^[12]^[13] and CC-BY-2.5 text from the reference^[14]

^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-1. 2019 [2019-07-28]. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-23）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Chen, Chong; Linse, Katrin; Copley, Jonathan T.; Rogers, Alex D. The 'scaly-foot gastropod': a new genus and species of hydrothermal vent-endemic gastropod (Neomphalina: Peltospiridae) from the Indian Ocean. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 2015, 81 (3): 322–334 [2015-10-26]. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyv013. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-13）.
^ 外海：鱗角腹足蝸牛. 生命無奇不有！：海、河、湖的怪奇生物圖鑑. 台灣東販股份有限公司. 2017-10-01: 144–145. ISBN 978-986-475-475-5 （中文（繁體））.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Chen, Chong; Copley, Jonathan T.; Linse, Katrin; Rogers, Alex D.; Sigwart, Julia D. The heart of a dragon: 3D anatomical reconstruction of the 'scaly-foot gastropod' (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Neomphalina) reveals its extraordinary circulatory system. Frontiers in Zoology. 2015, 12: 13. PMC 4470333 . PMID 26085836. doi:10.1186/s12983-015-0105-1 .
^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [2019-07-28]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-04）.
^ Sigwart, Julia D.; Chen, Chong; Thomas, Elin A.; Allcock, A. Louise; Böhm, Monika; Seddon, Mary. Red Listing can protect deep-sea biodiversity. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2019-07-22 [2019-07-28]. ISSN 2397-334X. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0930-2. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-18）（英語）.
^ Lambert, Jonathan. Ocean snail is first animal to be officially endangered by deep-sea mining. Nature. 2019-07-22, 571: 455 [2019-07-28]. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-02231-1. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-14）（英語）.
^ Van Dover CL, Humphris SE, Fornari D, Cavanaugh CM, Collier R, Goffredi SK, Hashimoto J, Lilley MD, Reysenbach AL, Shank TM, Von Damm KL, Banta A, Gallant RM, Gotz D, Green D, Hall J, Harmer TL, Hurtado LA, Johnson P, McKiness ZP, Meredith C, Olson E, Pan IL, Turnipseed M, Won Y, Young CR 3rd, Vrijenhoek RC. Biogeography and ecological setting of Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents. Science. 2001, 294 (5543): 818–23 [2015-10-26]. PMID 11557843. doi:10.1126/science.1064574. （原始內容存檔於2010-09-27）.
^ Nakamura, Kentaro; Watanabe, Hiromi; Miyazaki, Junichi; Takai, Ken; Kawagucci, Shinsuke; Noguchi, Takuro; Nemoto, Suguru; Watsuji, Tomo-o; Matsuzaki, Takuya; Shibuya, Takazo; Okamura, Kei; Mochizuki, Masashi; Orihashi, Yuji; Ura, Tamaki; Asada, Akira; Marie, Daniel; Koonjul, Meera; Singh, Manvendra; Beedessee, Girish; Bhikajee, Mitrasen; Tamaki, Kensaku; Schnur, Joel M. Discovery of New Hydrothermal Activity and Chemosynthetic Fauna on the Central Indian Ridge at 18°–20°S. PLoS ONE. 14 March 2012, 7 (3): e32965. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032965.
^ Tao, C.; Lin, J.; Guo, S.; Chen, Y. J.; Wu, G.; Han, X.; German, C. R.; Yoerger, D. R.; Zhou, N.; Li, H.; Su, X.; Zhu, J. First active hydrothermal vents on an ultraslow-spreading center: Southwest Indian Ridge. Geology. 23 November 2011, 40 (1): 47–50. doi:10.1130/G32389.1.
^ Chen, Chong; Copley, Jonathan T.; Linse, Katrin; Rogers, Alex D.; Sigwart, Julia. How the mollusc got its scales: convergent evolution of the molluscan scleritome. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. April 2015, 114 (4): 949–954. doi:10.1111/bij.12462.
^ Beedessee, Girish; Watanabe, Hiromi; Ogura, Tomomi; Nemoto, Suguru; Yahagi, Takuya; Nakagawa, Satoshi; Nakamura, Kentaro; Takai, Ken; Koonjul, Meera; Marie, Daniel E. P. High Connectivity of Animal Populations in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Fields in the Central Indian Ridge Relevant to Its Geological Setting. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (12): e81570. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...881570B. PMC 3864839 . PMID 24358117. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081570 .
^ Chen, Chong; Uematsu, Katsuyuki; Linse, Katrin; Sigwart, Julia D. By more ways than one: Rapid convergence at hydrothermal vents shown by 3D anatomical reconstruction of Gigantopelta (Mollusca: Neomphalina). BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2017, 17 (1): 62. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5333402 . PMID 28249568. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0917-z .
^ Nakamura, Kentaro; Watanabe, Hiromi; Miyazaki, Junichi; Takai, Ken; Kawagucci, Shinsuke; Noguchi, Takuro; Nemoto, Suguru; Watsuji, Tomo-o; Matsuzaki, Takuya; Shibuya, Takazo; Okamura, Kei; Mochizuki, Masashi; Orihashi, Yuji; Ura, Tamaki; Asada, Akira; Marie, Daniel; Koonjul, Meera; Singh, Manvendra; Beedessee, Girish; Bhikajee, Mitrasen; Tamaki, Kensaku; Schnur, Joel M. Discovery of New Hydrothermal Activity and Chemosynthetic Fauna on the Central Indian Ridge at 18°–20°S. PLOS ONE. 2012, 7 (3): e32965. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...732965N. PMC 3303786 . PMID 22431990. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032965 .

[IUCN-1] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-1. 2019 [2019-07-28]. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-23）.

[Chen_2015-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Chen, Chong; Linse, Katrin; Copley, Jonathan T.; Rogers, Alex D. The 'scaly-foot gastropod': a new genus and species of hydrothermal vent-endemic gastropod (Neomphalina: Peltospiridae) from the Indian Ocean. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 2015, 81 (3): 322–334 [2015-10-26]. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyv013. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-13）.

[3] 外海：鱗角腹足蝸牛. 生命無奇不有！：海、河、湖的怪奇生物圖鑑. 台灣東販股份有限公司. 2017-10-01: 144–145. ISBN 978-986-475-475-5 （中文（繁體））.

[Chen_2015_heart-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Chen, Chong; Copley, Jonathan T.; Linse, Katrin; Rogers, Alex D.; Sigwart, Julia D. The heart of a dragon: 3D anatomical reconstruction of the 'scaly-foot gastropod' (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Neomphalina) reveals its extraordinary circulatory system. Frontiers in Zoology. 2015, 12: 13. PMC 4470333 . PMID 26085836. doi:10.1186/s12983-015-0105-1 .

[5] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [2019-07-28]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-04）.

[6] Sigwart, Julia D.; Chen, Chong; Thomas, Elin A.; Allcock, A. Louise; Böhm, Monika; Seddon, Mary. Red Listing can protect deep-sea biodiversity. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2019-07-22 [2019-07-28]. ISSN 2397-334X. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0930-2. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-18）（英語）.

[7] Lambert, Jonathan. Ocean snail is first animal to be officially endangered by deep-sea mining. Nature. 2019-07-22, 571: 455 [2019-07-28]. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-02231-1. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-14）（英語）.

[8] Van Dover CL, Humphris SE, Fornari D, Cavanaugh CM, Collier R, Goffredi SK, Hashimoto J, Lilley MD, Reysenbach AL, Shank TM, Von Damm KL, Banta A, Gallant RM, Gotz D, Green D, Hall J, Harmer TL, Hurtado LA, Johnson P, McKiness ZP, Meredith C, Olson E, Pan IL, Turnipseed M, Won Y, Young CR 3rd, Vrijenhoek RC. Biogeography and ecological setting of Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents. Science. 2001, 294 (5543): 818–23 [2015-10-26]. PMID 11557843. doi:10.1126/science.1064574. （原始內容存檔於2010-09-27）.

[9] Nakamura, Kentaro; Watanabe, Hiromi; Miyazaki, Junichi; Takai, Ken; Kawagucci, Shinsuke; Noguchi, Takuro; Nemoto, Suguru; Watsuji, Tomo-o; Matsuzaki, Takuya; Shibuya, Takazo; Okamura, Kei; Mochizuki, Masashi; Orihashi, Yuji; Ura, Tamaki; Asada, Akira; Marie, Daniel; Koonjul, Meera; Singh, Manvendra; Beedessee, Girish; Bhikajee, Mitrasen; Tamaki, Kensaku; Schnur, Joel M. Discovery of New Hydrothermal Activity and Chemosynthetic Fauna on the Central Indian Ridge at 18°–20°S. PLoS ONE. 14 March 2012, 7 (3): e32965. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032965.

[10] Tao, C.; Lin, J.; Guo, S.; Chen, Y. J.; Wu, G.; Han, X.; German, C. R.; Yoerger, D. R.; Zhou, N.; Li, H.; Su, X.; Zhu, J. First active hydrothermal vents on an ultraslow-spreading center: Southwest Indian Ridge. Geology. 23 November 2011, 40 (1): 47–50. doi:10.1130/G32389.1.

[11] Chen, Chong; Copley, Jonathan T.; Linse, Katrin; Rogers, Alex D.; Sigwart, Julia. How the mollusc got its scales: convergent evolution of the molluscan scleritome. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. April 2015, 114 (4): 949–954. doi:10.1111/bij.12462.

[Beedessee_2013-12] Beedessee, Girish; Watanabe, Hiromi; Ogura, Tomomi; Nemoto, Suguru; Yahagi, Takuya; Nakagawa, Satoshi; Nakamura, Kentaro; Takai, Ken; Koonjul, Meera; Marie, Daniel E. P. High Connectivity of Animal Populations in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Fields in the Central Indian Ridge Relevant to Its Geological Setting. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (12): e81570. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...881570B. PMC 3864839 . PMID 24358117. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081570 .

[Chen_2017-13] Chen, Chong; Uematsu, Katsuyuki; Linse, Katrin; Sigwart, Julia D. By more ways than one: Rapid convergence at hydrothermal vents shown by 3D anatomical reconstruction of Gigantopelta (Mollusca: Neomphalina). BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2017, 17 (1): 62. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5333402 . PMID 28249568. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0917-z .

[Nakamura_2012-14] Nakamura, Kentaro; Watanabe, Hiromi; Miyazaki, Junichi; Takai, Ken; Kawagucci, Shinsuke; Noguchi, Takuro; Nemoto, Suguru; Watsuji, Tomo-o; Matsuzaki, Takuya; Shibuya, Takazo; Okamura, Kei; Mochizuki, Masashi; Orihashi, Yuji; Ura, Tamaki; Asada, Akira; Marie, Daniel; Koonjul, Meera; Singh, Manvendra; Beedessee, Girish; Bhikajee, Mitrasen; Tamaki, Kensaku; Schnur, Joel M. Discovery of New Hydrothermal Activity and Chemosynthetic Fauna on the Central Indian Ridge at 18°–20°S. PLOS ONE. 2012, 7 (3): e32965. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...732965N. PMC 3303786 . PMID 22431990. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032965 .

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