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| 蘇族 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 總人口 | |
| 170,110[1] | |
| 分佈地區 | |
| 美國南達科他州、明尼蘇達州、內布拉斯加州、蒙大拿州、北達科他州、艾奧瓦州、威斯康辛州、伊利諾州、懷俄明州；加拿大馬尼托巴省、薩斯喀徹溫省、艾伯塔省 | |
| 語言 | |
| 蘇族語（拉科塔語及達科塔語）、阿西尼博因語、斯托尼語、英語 | |
| 宗教信仰 | |
| 基督教（含綜攝成分）；蘇族傳統信仰 | |
| 相關族群 | |
| 阿西尼博因人、達科塔人、拉科塔人、斯托尼納科塔人等操蘇族語者 |
蘇族（英語：Sioux /ˈsuː/）是北美洲的一支原住民部族。狹義上的蘇族指「大蘇民族」成員，而廣義上可指一切操各蘇族語族語言的人。
蘇族主要依語言差別分為三大族群：達科塔人、拉科塔人和納科塔人。達科塔人可分為兩大支族，一是桑蒂達科塔人（Isáŋyathi；「匕首」），因其相對地理位置又被稱為「東達科塔人」，居住於明尼蘇達州和艾奧瓦州；二是揚克頓人及揚克頓內人（Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ及Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna；「盡頭處的村莊」及「盡頭處的小村莊」），自稱為威奇耶納（Wičhíyena），居住於明尼蘇達河流域，又因地理位置被稱為中部蘇族或西達科塔人，過去曾被錯誤地識別為納科塔人。納科塔人居住於加拿大西部和美國蒙大拿州，包括阿西尼博因人和斯托尼納科塔人。拉科塔族又稱「特頓」（Thítȟuŋwaŋ；或意為「大草原上的居民」），是居住地最靠西的蘇族族群，以其狩獵及戰鬥文化而著稱。
如今，蘇人在美國南達科他州、明尼蘇達州、內布拉斯加州、蒙大拿州和北達科他州，以及加拿大馬尼托巴省、薩斯喀徹溫省和艾伯塔省保有多個保留地及社區，並建有部落政府。
名稱
[編輯]
「蘇族」是英文Sioux一詞的音譯。「Sioux」一詞於18世紀60年代自法語引進，為「Nadouessioux」一詞的簡寫，最早由法國人讓·尼科萊使用[2]，有來源指該詞源於歐及布威語中「小蛇」一詞[3]。詞尾-x為法語的名詞複數後綴[4]。另一種解釋指該詞來源於阿爾岡昆語族詞組「na·towe·ssiw」（複數形式「na·towe·ssiwak」），是動詞「*-a·towe·」（「操外語」）的派生詞[4]。現今歐及布威族對蘇人的稱呼為「Bwaanag」（單數形式「Bwaan」），意為「烘烤者」，或因蘇人的烹飪風格而得名[5][6]。
一些蘇族族群擁有正式和非正式的各種自稱，如薔薇花蕾部落的自稱「Sičháŋǧu Oyáte」和奧格拉拉部落的自稱「Oglála Lakȟóta Oyáte」。而奧格拉拉部落在英語中除「Oglala」的拼寫形式以外，亦包括「Ogallala」的形式，而後者通常被認為是不恰當的[2]。
歷史上蘇族稱自身的廣大族群為「Očhéthi Šakówiŋ」[oˈtʃʰetʰi ʃaˈkowĩ]，意為「七把火議會」，「火」代表蘇族的每個部族（Oyate）。這個概念在英文中對應為「大蘇民族」。這七個部族包括姆德瓦坎頓人（Bdewákaŋthuŋwaŋ）、瓦佩頓人（Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ）、瓦佩庫蒂人（Waȟpékhute）、西塞頓（Sisíthuŋwaŋ）、揚克頓人（Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ）、揚克頓內人（Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna）和特頓人（Thítȟuŋwaŋ）[2]。七個部族的代表每年將舉行會議，以維持親緣關係、討論部落事務，以及參與日舞儀式[7]。蘇族的四位領袖（Wičháša Yatápika）便在這七個部族的領袖中選舉出來[7]。對於一個酋長來說，成為這四大領袖之一是莫大的榮譽，但是這不代表他們擁有至高權力，因為蘇族聯盟的年會意味著所有的酋長和領袖都將參與到部落事務和部族管理當中。七把火議會的最後一次會議開辦於1850年[7]。
現如今，特頓人、桑蒂人和揚克頓（內）人通常分別被稱為拉科塔人、東達科塔人和西達科塔人[2][8]，「拉科塔」和「達科塔」皆為「朋友」「盟友」之意。
歷史
[編輯]與歐洲人的首次接觸
[編輯]達科塔人是首個有記載的居住於密西西比河源頭的民族[9]。17世紀時，他們居於今日的威斯康辛州及明尼蘇達州一帶，自18世紀起有部分移民至今日的南達科他州[10]。17世紀晚期，達科塔人同法國商人結盟[11]，當時法國人正試圖在與英格蘭人的毛皮貿易儘量贏取更多優勢，後者建立了著名的哈德遜灣公司。
蘇人和法國人首次有記錄的邂逅發生於1659年至1660年冬季，當時法國探險家皮埃爾-埃斯普里·拉迪松和梅達爾·德格羅斯耶爾抵達了今日的威斯康辛州。後來到訪的法籍商人及傳教士還包括克洛德-讓·阿盧埃、丹尼爾·格雷索隆和皮埃爾-夏爾·勒敘厄爾等[12]，其中勒敘厄爾曾於1700年和一支達科塔部族一同過冬。1736年，讓·巴普蒂斯特·德拉韋倫德里及其20名部下於伍茲湖中一島上被蘇族部族殺害[13]。但法國人與蘇人的貿易來往一直持續，直至1763年法國放棄北美事業才告一段落。
Relationship with Pawnees
[編輯]Author and historian Mark van de Logt wrote: "Although military historians tend to reserve the concept of "total war" for conflicts between modern industrial nations, the term nevertheless most closely approaches the state of affairs between the Pawnees and the Sioux and Cheyennes. Both sides directed their actions not solely against warrior-combatants but against the people as a whole. Noncombatants were legitimate targets. ... It is within this context that the military service of the Pawnee Scouts must be viewed."[14]
The battle of Massacre Canyon on August 5, 1873, was the last major battle between the Pawnee and the Sioux.[15]
Dakota War of 1862
[編輯]
By 1862, shortly after a failed crop the year before and a winter starvation, the federal payment was late. The local traders would not issue any more credit to the Santee and one trader, Andrew Myrick, went so far as to say, "If they're hungry, let them eat grass."[16] On August 17, 1862 the Dakota War began when a few Santee men murdered a white farmer and most of his family. They inspired further attacks on white settlements along the Minnesota River. The Santee attacked the trading post. Later settlers found Myrick among the dead with his mouth stuffed full of grass.[17]
On November 5, 1862 in Minnesota, in courts-martial, 303 Santee Sioux were found guilty of rape and murder of hundreds of American settlers. They were sentenced to be hanged. No attorneys or witnesses were allowed as a defense for the accused, and many were convicted in less than five minutes of court time with the judge.[18] President Abraham Lincoln commuted the death sentences of 284 of the warriors, while signing off on the hanging of 38 Santee men on December 26, 1862 in Mankato, Minnesota. It was the largest mass-execution in U.S. history.[19]
Afterwards, the US suspended treaty annuities to the Dakota for four years and awarded the money to the white victims and their families. The men remanded by order of President Lincoln were sent to a prison in Iowa, where more than half died.[18]
During and after the revolt, many Santee and their kin fled Minnesota and Eastern Dakota to Canada, or settled in the James River Valley in a short-lived reservation before being forced to move to Crow Creek Reservation on the east bank of the Missouri.[18] A few joined the Yanktonai and moved further west to join with the Lakota bands to continue their struggle against the United States military.[18]
Others were able to remain in Minnesota and the east, in small reservations existing into the 21st century, including Sisseton-Wahpeton, Flandreau, and Devils Lake (Spirit Lake or Fort Totten) Reservations in the Dakotas. Some ended up in Nebraska, where the Santee Sioux Reservation today has a reservation on the south bank of the Missouri.
Those who fled to Canada now have descendants residing on nine small Dakota Reserves, five of which are located in Manitoba (Sioux Valley, Long Plain, Dakota Tipi, Birdtail Creek, and Oak Lake [Pipestone]) and the remaining four (Standing Buffalo, Moose Woods [White Cap], Round Plain [Wahpeton], and Wood Mountain) in Saskatchewan.
Red Cloud's War
[編輯]Red Cloud's War (also referred to as the Bozeman War) was an armed conflict between the Lakota and the United States Army in the Wyoming Territory and the Montana Territory from 1866 to 1868. The war was fought over control of the Powder River Country in north central Wyoming.
The war is named after Red Cloud, a prominent Sioux chief who led the war against the United States following encroachment into the area by the U.S. military. The war ended with the Treaty of Fort Laramie. The Sioux victory in the war led to their temporarily preserving their control of the Powder River country.[20]
Great Sioux War of 1876
[編輯]The Great Sioux War of 1876 comprised a series of battles between the Lakota and allied tribes such as the Cheyenne against the United States military. The earliest engagement was the Battle of Powder River, and the final battle was the Wolf Mountain. Included are the Battle of the Rosebud, Battle of the Little Bighorn, Battle of Warbonnet Creek, Battle of Slim Buttes, Battle of Cedar Creek, and the Dull Knife Fight. The Great Sioux War of 1876–77 was also known as the Black Hills War, and was centered on the Lakota tribes of the Sioux, although several[誰？] natives believe that the primary target of the United States military was the Northern Cheyenne tribe. The series of battles occurred in Montana territory, Dakota territory, and Wyoming territory, and resulted in a victory for the United States military.
Wounded Knee Massacre
[編輯]
The massacre at Wounded Knee Creek was the last major armed conflict between the Lakota and the United States. It was described as a "massacre" by General Nelson A. Miles in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.[21]
On December 29, 1890, five hundred troops of the 7th Cavalry Regiment, supported by four Hotchkiss guns (a lightweight artillery piece capable of rapid fire), surrounded an encampment of the Lakota bands of the Miniconjou and Hunkpapa [22] with orders to escort them to the railroad for transport to Omaha, Nebraska.
By the time it was over, 25 troopers and more than 150 Lakota Sioux lay dead, including men, women, and children. It remains unknown which side was responsible for the first shot; some of the soldiers are believed to have been the victims of "friendly fire" because the shooting took place at point-blank range in chaotic conditions.[23] Around 150 Lakota are believed to have fled the chaos, many of whom may have died from hypothermia.[來源請求]
Reservations and reserves
[編輯]
In the late 19th century, railroads wanted to build tracks through Indian lands. The railroad companies hired hunters to exterminate the bison herds, the Plains Indians' primary food supply. The Dakota and Lakota were forced to accept US-defined reservations in exchange for the rest of their lands and farming and ranching of domestic cattle, as opposed to a nomadic, hunting economy. During the first years of the Reservation Era, the Sioux people depended upon annual federal payments guaranteed by treaty for survival.
In Minnesota, the treaties of Traverse des Sioux and Mendota in 1851 left the Dakota with a reservation 20英里（32公里） wide on each side of the Minnesota River.
Today, half of all enrolled Sioux in the United States live off reservation. Enrolled members in any of the Sioux tribes in the United States are required to have ancestry that is at least 1/4 degree Sioux (the equivalent to one grandparent).[24]
In Canada, the Canadian government recognizes the tribal community as First Nations. The land holdings of these First Nations are called Indian reserves.
Modern reservations, reserves, and communities
[編輯]- Reserves shared with other First Nations
20th century activism
[編輯]Wounded Knee incident
[編輯]Beginning in the late 1960s, young Native Americans began to agitate for improved conditions, respect for their civil rights, and better programs in education and economic development. Dramatic protests were conceived and carried out, such as the occupation of Alcatraz Island in California.
The Wounded Knee incident began February 27, 1973 when the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota was seized by followers of the American Indian Movement. The occupiers controlled the town for 71 days while various state and federal law enforcement agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the United States Marshals Service laid siege. Two members of A.I.M. were killed by gunfire during the incident.
Republic of Lakotah
[編輯]The Lakota Freedom Delegation, a group of controversial Native American activists, declared on December 19, 2007 the Lakota were withdrawing from all treaties signed with the United States to regain sovereignty over their nation. One of the activists, Russell Means, claimed that the action is legal and cites natural, international and US law.[25] The group considers Lakota to be a sovereign nation, although as yet the state is generally unrecognized. The proposed borders reclaim thousands of square kilometres of North and South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska and Montana.[26]
Current activism
[編輯]The Lakota made national news when NPR's "Lost Children, Shattered Families investigative story aired. It exposed what many critics consider to be the "kidnapping" of Lakota children from their homes by the state of South Dakota's Department of Social Services (D.S.S.). Lakota activists such as Madonna Thunder Hawk and Chase Iron Eyes, along with the People's Law Project, have alleged that Lakota grandmothers are illegally denied the right to foster their own grandchildren. They are currently working to redirect federal funding away from the state of South Dakota's D.S.S. to new tribal foster care programs. This would be a historic shift away from the state's traditional control over Lakota foster children.
In early 2014 a Lakota group launched MazaCoin, a digital currency that is claimed to be the "national currency of the traditional Lakota Nation".
Protest against the Dakota Access oil pipeline
[編輯]In the summer of 2016, Sioux Indians and the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe began a protest against construction of the Dakota Access oil pipeline, also known as the Bakken pipeline, which, if completed, is designed to carry hydrofracked crude oil from the Bakken oil fiels of North Dakota to the oil storage and transfer hub of Patoka, Illinois.[27] The pipeline travels only half a mile north of the Standing Rock Sioux reservation and is designed to pass underneath the Missouri River and upstream of the reservation, causing many concerns over the tribe's drinking water safety, environmental protection, and harmful impacts on culture.[28][29] The pipeline company claims that the pipeline will provide jobs, reduce American dependence on foreign oil and reduce the price of gas.[來源請求]
The conflict sparked a nationwide debate and much news media coverage. Thousands of indigenous and non-indigenous supporters joined the protest, and several camp sites were set up south of the construction zone. The protest was peaceful, and alcohol, drugs and firearms were not allowed at the campsite or the protest site. [30] On August 23, Standing Rock Sioux Tribe released a list of 87 tribal governments who wrote resolutions, proclamations and letters of support stating their solidarity with Standing Rock and the Sioux people.[31] Since then, many more Native American organizations, environmental groups and civil rights groups have joined the effort in North Dakota, including the Black Lives Matter movement, Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders, the 2016 Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein and her running mate Ajamu Baraka, and many more.[32] The Washington Post called it a "National movement for Native Americans."[33]
Political organization
[編輯]
The historical political organization was based on individual participation and the cooperation of many to sustain the tribe's way of life. Leaders were chosen based upon noble birth and demonstrations of chiefly virtues, such as bravery, fortitude, generosity, and wisdom.[7]
- Political leaders were members of the Načá Omníčiye society and decided matters of tribal hunts, camp movements, whether to make war or peace with their neighbors, or any other community action.[34]
- Societies were similar to fraternities; men joined to raise their position in the tribe. Societies were composed of smaller clans and varied in number among the seven divisions.[7] There were two types of societies: Akíčhita, for the younger men, and Načá, for elders and former leaders.[7]
- Akíčhita (Warrior) societies existed to train warriors, hunters, and to police the community.[34] There were many smaller Akíčhita societies, including the Kit-Fox, Strong Heart, Elk, and so on.[34]
- Leaders in the Načá societies, per Načá Omníčiye, were the tribal elders and leaders. They elected seven to ten men, depending on the division, each referred to as Wičháša Itȟáŋčhaŋ ("chief man"). Each Wičháša Itȟáŋčhaŋ interpreted and enforced the decisions of the Načá.[34]
- The Wičháša Itȟáŋčhaŋ would elect two to four Shirt Wearers, who were the voice of the society. They settled quarrels among families and also foreign nations.[7] Shirt Wearers were often young men from families with hereditary claims of leadership. However, men with obscure parents who displayed outstanding leaderships skills and had earned the respect of the community might also be elected. Crazy Horse is an example of a common-born "Shirt Wearer".[7]
- A Wakíčhuŋza ("Pipe Holder") ranked below the "Shirt Wearers". The Pipe Holders regulated peace ceremonies, selected camp locations, and supervised the Akíčhita societies during buffalo hunts.[34]
Linguistics
[編輯]
The Sioux comprise three closely related language groups:
- Eastern Dakota (also known as Santee-Sisseton or Dakhóta)
- Santee (Isáŋyáthi: Bdewákhathuŋwaŋ, Waȟpékhute)
- Sisseton (Sisíthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ)
- Western Dakota (or Yankton-Yanktonai or Dakȟóta)
- Yankton (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ)
- Yanktonai (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna)
- Lakota (or Lakȟóta, Teton, Teton Sioux)
The earlier linguistic three-way division of the Sioux language identified Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota as dialects of a single language, where Lakota = Teton, Dakota = Santee-Sisseton and Nakota = Yankton-Yanktonai.[35] However, the latest studies [8][36] show that Yankton-Yanktonai never used the autonym Nakhóta, but pronounced their name roughly the same as the Santee (i.e. Dakȟóta).
These later studies identify Assiniboine and Stoney as two separate languages, with Sioux being the third language. Sioux has three similar dialects: Lakota, Western Dakota (Yankton-Yanktonai) and Eastern Dakota (Santee-Sisseton). Assiniboine and Stoney speakers refer to themselves as Nakhóta or Nakhóda[8] (cf. Nakota).
The term Dakota has also been applied by anthropologists and governmental departments to refer to all Sioux groups, resulting in names such as Teton Dakota, Santee Dakota, etc. This was mainly because of the misrepresented translation of the Ottawa word from which Sioux is derived.[7]
Modern geographic divisions
[編輯]
The Sioux maintain many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations and communities in North America: in the Dakotas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Montana in the United States; and in Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan and Alberta in Canada.
The earliest known European record of the Sioux identified them in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin.[35] After the introduction of the horse in the early 18th century, the Sioux dominated larger areas of land—from present day Central Canada to the Platte River, from Minnesota to the Yellowstone River, including the Powder River country.[34]
Santee (Isáŋyathi or Eastern Dakota)
[編輯]The Santee migrated north and westward from the Southeastern United States, first into Ohio, then to Minnesota. Some came up from the Santee River and Lake Marion, area of South Carolina. The Santee River was named after them, and some of their ancestors' ancient earthwork mounds have survived along the portion of the dammed-up river that forms Lake Marion. In the past, they were a Woodland people who thrived on hunting, fishing and farming.
Migrations of Ojibwe from the east in the 17th and 18th centuries, with muskets supplied by the French and British, pushed the Dakota further into Minnesota and west and southward. The US gave the name "Dakota Territory" to the northern expanse west of the Mississippi River and up to its headwaters.[35]
Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna (Yankton-Yanktonai or Western Dakota)
[編輯]The Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ-Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna, also known by the anglicized spelling Yankton (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ: "End village") and Yanktonai (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna: "Little end village") divisions consist of two bands or two of the seven council fires. According to Nasunatanka and Matononpa in 1880, the Yanktonai are divided into two sub-groups known as the Upper Yanktonai and the Lower Yanktonai (Hunkpatina).[35]
They were involved in quarrying pipestone. The Yankton-Yanktonai moved into northern Minnesota. In the 18th century, they were recorded as living in the Mankato region of Minnesota.[37]
Lakota (Teton or Thítȟuŋwaŋ)
[編輯]The Sioux likely obtained horses sometime during the seventeenth century (although some historians date the arrival of horses in South Dakota to 1720, and credit the Cheyenne with introducing horse culture to the Lakota). The Teton (Lakota) division of the Sioux emerged as a result of this introduction. Dominating the northern Great Plains with their light cavalry, the western Sioux quickly expanded their territory further to the Rocky Mountains (which they call Heska, "white mountains"). The Lakota once subsisted on the bison hunt, and on corn. They acquired corn mostly through trade with the eastern Sioux and their linguistic cousins, the Mandan and Hidatsa along the Missouri River.[35] The name Teton or Thítȟuŋwaŋ is archaic among the people, who prefer to call themselves Lakȟóta.[8]
Ethnic divisions
[編輯]
The Sioux are divided into three ethnic groups, the larger of which are divided into sub-groups, and further branched into bands.
- The Santee live on reservations, reserves, and communities in Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Canada. However, after the Dakota war of 1862 many Santee were sent to Crow Creek Indian Reservation and in 1864 some from the Crow Creek Reservation were sent to the Santee Sioux Reservation.
- Most of the Yanktons live on the Yankton Indian Reservation in southeastern South Dakota. Some Yankton live on the Lower Brule Indian Reservation and Crow Creek Indian Reservation. The Yanktonai are divided into Lower Yanktonai, who occupy the Crow Creek Reservation; and Upper Yanktonai, who live in the northern part of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, on the Spirit Lake Tribe in central North Dakota, and in the eastern half of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation in northeastern Montana. In addition, they reside at several Canadian reserves, including Birdtail, Oak Lake, and Moose Woods.[8]
- The Lakota are the westernmost of the three groups, occupying lands in both North and South Dakota.
Today, many Sioux also live outside their reservations.
- Santee division (Eastern Dakota) (Isáŋyathi)[8]
- Mdewakantonwan (Bdewékhaŋthuŋwaŋ "Spirit Lake Village")[8]
- notable persons: Little Crow
- Sisseton (Sisíthuŋwaŋ, perhaps meaning "Fishing Grounds Village")
- Wahpekute (Waȟpékhute, "Leaf Archers")[8]
- notable persons: Inkpaduta
- Wahpetonwan (Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ, "Leaf Village")[8]
- Mdewakantonwan (Bdewékhaŋthuŋwaŋ "Spirit Lake Village")[8]
- Yankton-Yanktonai division (Western Dakota) (Wičhíyena)
- Teton division (Lakota) (Thítȟuŋwaŋ,[8] perhaps meaning "Dwellers on the Prairie"):
- Oglála (perhaps meaning "Those Who Scatter Their Own")
- notable persons: Crazy Horse, Red Cloud, Black Elk, Blue Horse, Iron Tail, Flying Hawk and Billy Mills (Olympian)
- Hunkpapa (Húŋkpapȟa,[8] meaning "Those who Camp by the Door" or "Wanderers")
- notable persons: Sitting Bull
- Sihasapa (Sihásapa, "Blackfoot Sioux,"[8] not to be confused with the Algonquian-speaking Piegan Blackfeet)
- Miniconjou (Mnikȟówožu, "Those who Plant by Water")[8]
- notable persons: Lone Horn, Touch the Clouds
- Brulé (French translation of Sičháŋǧu, "Burned Thigh")[8]
- Sans Arc (French translation of Itázipčho, "Those Without Bows")[8]
- Two Kettles (Oóhenupa, "Two Boilings")[8]
- Oglála (perhaps meaning "Those Who Scatter Their Own")
In popular media
[編輯]- The Richard Harris film A Man Called Horse and its two sequels are fictional accounts of Sioux people
- The HBO movie Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee depicts the relocation and reservations of the people from the Sioux perspective, based on the book by Dee Brown.
- The films Dances with Wolves and Thunderheart contain fictional depictions of the Sioux People.
名人
[編輯]歷史名人
[編輯]
- Šóta (Old Chief Smoke) — an original Oglala Lakota head chief
- Siŋté Glešká (Spotted Tail) — Brulé chief who resisted joining Red Cloud's War
- Thaóyate Dúta (Little Crow/His Red Nation) — Mdewakanton Dakota chief and warrior
- Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake (Sitting Bull) — Famous Hunkpapa Lakota chief and holy man
- Tȟašúŋke Witkó (Crazy Horse) — Famous Oglala Lakota warrior
- Maȟpíya Ičáȟtagye (Touch the Clouds) – Minneconjou Lakota chief and warrior
- Maȟpíya Lúta (Red Cloud) — Famous Oglala Lakota chief and spokesperson
- Heȟáka Sápa (Black Elk) — Famous Oglala Lakota medicine and holy man
- Ité Omáǧažu (Rain-in-the-Face) — Hunkpapa Lakota war chief
- Tȟáȟča Hušté (Lame Deer) — Mineconju Lakota holy man and spiritual preserver
- Wí Sápa (Black Moon) — Miniconjou Lakota chief
- Matȟó Héȟloǧeča (Hollow Horn Bear) — Sicangu (Brulé) Lakota leader
- Phizí (Gall) — Hunkpapa Lakota war chief
- Ógle Lúta (Red Shirt) — Oglala Lakota warrior and chief
- Inkpáduta (Scarlet Point/Red End) — Wahpekute Dakota war chief
- Waŋbdí Tháŋka (Big Eagle) — Mdewakanton Dakota chief
- Tamaha (One Eye/Standing Moose) — Mdewekanton Dakota chief
- Óta Kté (Luther Standing Bear/Plenty Kill) — Oglala Lakota writer and actor
- Núŋp Kaȟpá (Two Strike) — Sicangu Lakota chief
- Čhetáŋ Sápa (Black Hawk) — Itázipčho Lakota ledger artist
- Tȟatȟóka Íŋyaŋke (Running Antelope) — Hunkpapa Lakota chief
- Matȟó Watȟákpe (John Grass/Charging Bear) — Sihasapa Lakota chief
- Tȟatȟáŋka Ská (White Bull) — Miniconjou Lakota warrior and nephew of Sitting Bull
- Waŋblí Kté (Kill Eagle) — Sihasapa Lakota warrior and leader
- Šúŋkawakȟáŋ Tȟó (Blue Horse) — Oglala chief, warrior, educator and statesman
- Matȟó Wayúhi (Conquering Bear) — Sičháŋǧu Lakota chief
- Čhetáŋ Kiŋyáŋ (Flying Hawk) — Oglala Lakota chief, philosopher, and historian
- Matȟó Wanáȟtake (Kicking Bear) — Oglala born Miniconjou Lakota warrior and chief
- Uŋpȟáŋ Glešká (Spotted Elk/Big Foot) — Miniconjou Lakota chief
- Hé Waŋžíča (Lone Horn) — Miniconjou Lakota chief
- Kȟaŋǧí Yátapi (Crow King/Medicine Bag That Burns) — Hunkpapa Lakota war chief
- Wičháša Tȟáŋkala (Little Big Man/Charging Bear) — Oglala Lakota Warrior
- Šúŋka Khúčiyela (Low Dog) — Oglala Lakota chief and warrior
- Wašíčuŋ Tȟašúŋke (American Horse) ("The Younger") — Oglala Lakota Chief
- Wašíčuŋ Tȟašúŋke (American Horse) ("The Elder") — Oglala Lakota Chief
- Tȟašúŋke Kȟokípȟapi (Young Man Afraid Of His Horses) — Oglala Lakota Chief
- Ištáȟba (Sleepy Eye) — Sisseton Dakota chief
- Ohíyes』a (Charles Eastman) — Author, physician and reformer
- Colonel Gregory "Pappy" Boyington — World War II Fighter Ace and Medal of Honor recipient; 1/4 Sioux
- Charging Thunder (1877–1929), Blackfoot Sioux chief who was part of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show in 1903, but remained in England when the show returned to America. He married Josephine, an American horse trainer who had just given birth to their first child, Bessie, and together they settled in Darwen, before moving to Gorton. His name became George Edward Williams, after registering with the British immigration authorities to enable him to find work. Williams ended up working at the Belle Vue Zoo as an elephant keeper. He died from pneumonia on July 28, 1929. His interment was at Gorton's cemetery.
- Óta Kté (Luther Standing Bear) — Author, educator, philosopher and actor
- Ziŋtkála-Šá (Gertrude Simmons Bonnin) — Author, educator, musician and political activist
當代存續部族
[編輯]
Contemporary Sioux people are listed under the tribes to which they belong.
依部落及保護區排序
[編輯]- Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation
- Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe of the Cheyenne River Reservation
- Crow Creek Sioux Tribe of the Crow Creek Reservation
- Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe
- Lower Brule Sioux Tribe of the Lower Brule Reservation
- Rosebud Sioux Tribe of the Rosebud Indian Reservation
- Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community
- Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate
- Standing Rock Sioux Tribe of North & South Dakota
- Yankton Sioux Tribe of South Dakota
Legacy
[編輯]A Manitoba Historical Plaque was erected at the Spruce Woods Provincial Park by the province to commemorate Assiniboin (Nakota) First Nation's role in Manitoba's heritage.[39]
References
[編輯]- ^ Norris, Tina; Vines, Paula L.; Hoeffel, Elizabeth M. The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010 (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. January 2012 [9 September 2012].
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Johnson, Michael. The Tribes of the Sioux Nation. Osprey Publishing Oxford. 2000. ISBN 1-85532-878-X.
- ^ Learn about the history of the Sioux Indians. Indians.org. Retrieved on 2012-07-08.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Sioux. Dictionary.com. [2007-09-05].
- ^ a Dakota. The Ojibwe People's Dictionary. University of Minnesota Board of Regents. [29 August 2015].
- ^ Ningewance, Patricia M. Zagataagan, A Northern Ojibwe Dictionary, Anishinaabemowin Ikidowinan gaa-niibidebii'igadegin dago gaye ewemitigoozhiibii'igaadegin, Ojibwe-English Volume 2. 61 King St. Sioux Lookout ON. Canada: Kwayaciiwin Education Resource Centre. 2009: 81. ISBN 978-1-897579-15-2.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Hassrick, Royal B.; Maxwell, Dorothy; Bach, Cile M. The Sioux: Life and Customs of a Warrior Society. University of Oklahoma Press. 1964. ISBN 0-8061-0607-7.
- ^ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 Ullrich, Jan. New Lakota Dictionary (Incorporating the Dakota Dialects of Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton). Lakota Language Consortium. 2008: 1–2. ISBN 0-9761082-9-1.
- ^ Hyde, George E. Red Cloud's Folk: A History of the Oglala Sioux Indians. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 1984: 3. ISBN 0-8061-1520-3.
- ^ Johnson, Michael; Smith, Jonathan. Tribes of the Sioux Nation. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2000: 3. ISBN 1-85532-878-X.
- ^ van Houten, Gerry. Corporate Canada An Historical Outline. Toronto: Progress Books. 1991: 6–8. ISBN 0-919396-54-2.
- ^ Gibbon, Guy E. The Sioux: The Dakota and Lakota Nations. Blackwell. 2003: 48–52. ISBN 1-55786-566-3.
- ^ Where is the real Massacre Island?. [2013-04-28].
- ^ van de Logt, Mark (2012). War Party in Blue: Pawnee Scouts in the U.S. Army. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 35–36. ISBN 0806184396
- ^ Paul, R. Eli (1998) The Nebraska Indian Wars reader, 1865–1877. University of Nebraska Press. p. 88. ISBN 0-8032-8749-6
- ^ Dillon, Richard. North American Indian Wars. City: Booksales. 1993: 126. ISBN 1-55521-951-9.
- ^ Steil, Mark; Post, Tim. Let them eat grass. Minnesota Public Radio. 2002-09-26 [2011-09-21].
- ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 War for the Plains. Time-Life Books. 1994. ISBN 0-8094-9445-0.
- ^ Steil, Mark; Post, Tim. Execution and expulsion. Minnesota Public Radio. 2002-09-26 [2011-10-02].
- ^ *Brown, Dee. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, ch. 6. Bantam Books. 1970. ISBN 0-553-11979-6.
- ^ Letter: General Nelson A. Miles to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, March 13, 1917.
- ^ Liggett, Lorie. Wounded Knee Massacre – An Introduction. Bowling Green State University. 1998 [2007-03-02].
- ^ Strom, Karen. The Massacre at Wounded Knee. hanksville.org. 1995.
- ^ Enrollment Ordinance. tribalresourcecenter.org.
- ^ Descendants of Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse break away from US, Agence France-Presse news
- ^ Harlan, Bill. Lakota group secedes from U.S.. Rapid City Journal. 21 December 2007 [2007-12-28].
- ^ Healy, Jack. Occupying the Prairie: Tensions Rise as Tribes Move to Block a Pipeline. The New York Times. 2016-08-23 [2016-08-24]. ISSN 0362-4331.
- ^ More Than A Year After Spill, Colorado's Gold King Mine Named Superfund Site. [2016-09-08].
- ^ Pipeline Spills Oil into Yellowstone River Again. 2015-01-21 [2016-09-08] （美國英語）.
- ^ Thompson, Dave. Dakota Access Pipeline construction stopped. news.prairiepublic.org. 2016-08-18.
- ^ Native Nations Rally in Support of Standing Rock Sioux. Indian Country Today Media Network.com. 2016-08-23 [2016-08-24].
- ^ Arrest warrants issued for Jill Stein, running mate after N.D. protest. [2016-09-08].
- ^ Showdown over oil pipeline becomes a national movement for Native Americans. Washington Post. [2016-09-08].
- ^ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 Mails, Thomas E. Dog Soldiers, Bear Men, and Buffalo Women: A Study of the Societies and Cults of the Plains Indians. Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1973. ISBN 0-13-217216-X.
- ^ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 引用錯誤：沒有為名為
riggs的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ Parks, D. R.; DeMallie, R. J. Sioux, Assiniboine, and Stoney Dialects: a Classification. Anthropological Linguistics. 1992, 34 (1–4).
- ^ OneRoad, Amos E.; Skinner, Alanson. Being Dakota: Tales and Traditions of the Sisseton and Wahpeton. Minnesota Historical Society. 2003. ISBN 0-87351-453-X.
- ^ not to be confused with the Oglala thiyóšpaye bearing the same name, "Unkpatila", the most famous member of which was Crazy Horse
- ^ Manitoba Plaque. Gov.mb.ca. Retrieved on 2012-07-08.
Further reading
[編輯]- Chaky, Doreen. Terrible justice: Sioux Chiefs and U.S. Soldiers on the Upper Missouri, 1854–1868. University of Oklahoma Press. 2014. ISBN 9780870624148.
- Hassrick, Royal B. The Sioux: life and customs of a warrior society. University of Oklahoma Press. 1977. ISBN 0-8061-0607-7.
- Gibbon, Guy E. The Sioux: the Dakota and Lakota nations. Blackwell. 2003. ISBN 1-55786-566-3.
- McLaughlin, Marie L. Myths and Legends of the Sioux. BiblioBazaar. 2010. ISBN 978-1-141-80554-9.
- Hyde, George E. A Sioux chronicle. University of Oklahoma Press. 1993. ISBN 0-8061-2483-0.
- Standing Bear, Luther; Brininstool, E A. My People the Sioux. University of Nebraska Press. 2006. ISBN 0-8032-9332-1.
- In the Shadow of Wounded Knee August 2012 National Geographic (magazine) with Reservation map history
External links
[編輯]
- Sioux. Encyclopædia Britannica 25 (第11版). London. 1911.
- "Sioux," Encyclopedia of the Great Plains
- "Sioux," Countries and Their Cultures
- Myths And Legends Of The Sioux
- Lakota Sioux – Their Lands, Allies and Enemies
- Russell Means on late Lakota (Sioux) History
Dakotas. The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
