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拉脹材料

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拉脹材料

拉脹材料(Auxetics)也稱為負泊松比材料,是泊松比為負值的结构材料[1]。一般材料在拉伸時,垂直于拉伸方向的部份會收縮。但拉脹材料在拉伸時,垂直拉伸方向的部份會膨脹,這是因為其特殊內部構造,以及在單軸施力下的形變方式有關。拉脹材料可能是單分子、晶體,或是特別的巨觀結構。

有拉脹特性的材料及結構多半會有高吸震及高斷裂抵抗的能力。拉脹材料可用在像防彈背心[2]、包裝材料、護膝及護肘、強健吸震材料及膠棉拖把。

歷史

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auxetic一詞源自希腊文的αὐξητικός(auxetikos),意思是「傾向於增加」。這個詞是由艾希特大學的Ken Evans教授所創[3][4]

由柏林的研究者K. Pietsch在1978年發明的RFS結構(鑽石摺疊結構),是首批人工合成的拉脹材料之一[5],K. Pietsch沒有使用auxetic一詞,不過他第一個描述其底層的槓桿特性以及其非線性的力學特性,因此視為是拉脹網狀材料的發明者。 最早發表的負泊松常數論文是由A. G. Kolpakov在1985年提出《確認彈性網路的平均特性》(Determination of the average characteristics of elastic frameworks)。下一個有關合成拉脹材料的論文是在1987年的《科學》期刊,標題是《負泊松比的泡沬結構》(Foam structures with a Negative Poisson's Ratio)[6],是威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的R.S. Lakes所提出。auxetic一詞的使用大約是在1991年開始[7]。在1985年開始發表用週期性凹六邊形單元(有負泊松比特性)建構複合結構的設計[8][9][10][11]

特性

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有拉脹材料的鞋子,在走路或跑步時其大小會改變

一般而言,拉脹材料是低密度的物質,因此其中允許有類似槓桿,可以變形的拉脹微結構[12]

巨觀下,拉脹特性可以用非弹性的弦繞在弹性的繩子上來說明。當結構的末端受力拉開時,非弹性的弦伸直,弹性繩伸展並繞在其周圍,因此增加了結構的有效體積。巨觀下的拉脹特性也可以用來開發有強化機能的產品,例如由Grima及Evans開發,以拉脹可旋轉三角形結構為基礎的鞋子[13][14][15]

常見的拉脹材料

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以下一些拉脹材料的例子:

  • 拉脹聚氨酯泡沫[16][17]
  • α-方矽石英语Cristobalite[18]
  • 特定的岩石及礦物[19]
  • 石墨烯,可以透過引入晶格空位使其有拉脹性[20][21]
  • 活的動物骨骼組織(這個只是推測)[19]
  • 在正常運動範圍內的肌腱[22]
  • 特殊的聚四氟乙烯聚合物,例如Gore-Tex[23]
  • 一些特殊的紙張。若紙張在平行紙面的方向受力拉伸,由於其網狀的結構,其厚度也會增加[24][25]
  • 一些摺紙形成的結構,例如鑽石摺疊結構(Diamond-Folding-Structure、也簡稱為RFS)、人字纹英语Herringbone pattern摺疊結構(FFS)或是三浦摺疊[26][27],或是由這些摺疊衍生的週期性圖案[28][29]
  • 一些為呈現負泊松比而設計的特製結構[30][31]
  • 鏈狀有機分子。近期的研究發現像是n-烷烃或是類似結構的有機晶體可能會有拉脹特性[32]
  • 加工過的針刺不織布。因為其纖維的網狀結構,應用熱和壓力的加工方案可以讓不織布具有拉脹特性[33][34]

木栓不是拉脹材料,但其泊松比幾乎為0,因此適合用來作酒瓶的瓶塞[35][36]

相關條目

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參考資料

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  18. ^ Yeganeh-Haeri, Amir; Weidner, Donald J.; Parise, John B. Elasticity of α-Cristobalite: A Silicon Dioxide with a Negative Poisson's Ratio. Science. 1992-07-31, 257 (5070): 650–652. Bibcode:1992Sci...257..650Y. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17740733. doi:10.1126/science.257.5070.650 (英语). 
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  20. ^ Grima, J. N.; Winczewski, S.; Mizzi, L.; Grech, M. C.; Cauchi, R.; Gatt, R.; Attard, D.; Wojciechowski, K.W.; Rybicki, J. Tailoring Graphene to Achieve Negative Poisson's Ratio Properties. Advanced Materials. 2014, 27 (8): 1455–1459. PMID 25504060. doi:10.1002/adma.201404106. 
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  24. ^ Baum et al. 1984, Tappi journal, Öhrn, O. E. (1965): Thickness variations of paper on stretching, Svensk Papperstidn. 68(5), 141.
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外部連結

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