法齐·卡武齐

法齐·卡武齐（1890年1月—1977年6月5日）是一位生于黎巴嫩的阿拉伯民族主义军事人物。1936年巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人大起义期間，英國方面鎮壓巴勒斯坦人起義，他在巴勒斯坦地區抵抗英國方面的鎮壓行动。 1937年，他逃离巴勒斯坦地區。他在第二次世界大战期间是德意志国防军的一名上校，第一次中东战争期间他又出任阿拉伯解放軍的指挥官。

早年

法齐·卡武齐生于奥斯曼帝国的黎波里的一个敘利亞土耳其曼人家庭^[1]^[2]。

1912年，他从位於伊斯坦布尔一個军事学院毕业。

第一次世界大战

第一次世界大戰期間，他担任奥斯曼帝国驻摩苏尔的一個军团的上尉，而且参加过贝尔谢巴战役。他的作戰表現受到奧斯曼帝國當局肯定並被授予勋章。他还被授予德国十字勋章。^[3] 法齐·卡武齐曾潜入英国防线后方，並將戰報透露給奥托·冯·桑德斯。

战间期

第一次世界大战后，奥斯曼帝国崩溃。法齐·卡武齐支持阿拉伯叙利亚王国独立。 1920 年，他跟隨费萨尔一世的军队参加麦塞隆战役。

阿拉伯叙利亚王国覆滅後，叙利亚成为法屬敘利亞及黎巴嫩託管地的一部分。随后，法齐·卡武齐加入了由法国当局创建的叙利亚军团（英语：Army of the Levant）。法齐·卡武齐加還來到圣西尔军校學習。後來他成为駐扎在哈马的一个骑兵中队的指挥官。

叙利亚起义期间，他從法國陸軍逃脫並且加入反法陣營，并于1925年10月初參與哈马起义（英语：1925 Hama uprising）。此后，法齐·卡武齐一直被法國當局通緝。

1936年巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人大起义期間，法齐·卡武齐在巴勒斯坦託管地与英国作战。

第二次世界大战

在伊拉克与英国军队作战时身负重伤后，法齐·卡武齐來到维希法国控制下的叙利亚，随后又前往納粹德國。第二次世界大战时间他一直留在德国养伤，并与一位名叫安妮莉丝·穆勒 (Anneliese Müller) 的德国女子结婚。

他後來被授予德意志國防軍上校军衔。

法齐·卡武齐继续与其他与轴心国结盟的阿拉伯人合作反对同盟國。

1945年，他被苏联军队俘虏，並被囚禁至1947年2月^[4]。

第一次中東战争与阿拉伯解放军

1947年，法齐·卡武齐经法国前往埃及，宣称“只要阿拉伯人民要求他再次拿起武器，他隨時待命。” 8月，他表示，如果聯合國大會第181號決議獲得通過，“我们将不得不发动全面战争。我们将屠杀、摧毁一切阻碍我们前进的人，无论是英国人、美国人还是犹太人。”

聯合國大會第181號決議獲得通過后，阿拉伯国家联盟讓他擔任阿拉伯解放军的战地指挥官，準備進攻以色列。 ^[5]

1948年3月初，法齐·卡武齐率領部隊从大马士革出發，部隊隨後进入巴勒斯坦地區。

法齐·卡武齐的部隊主要駐扎在加利利和纳布卢斯附近。法齐·卡武齐打算“让巴勒斯坦不要被犹太复国主义祸害”，他的目标是“把所有犹太人赶入大海”。 ^[6]

1948年4月，法齐·卡武齐率領阿拉伯解放军進攻米什马尔哈埃梅克。不過阿拉伯解放軍未能佔領該地。 ^[7]哈加纳和帕拉玛赫发起反攻，阿拉伯解放军被击溃。

7月，法齐·卡武齐又率軍進攻伊拉尼亚（英语：Ilaniya）。第1戈蘭尼步兵旅第十二营抵挡住了这次进攻，而且给阿拉伯解放军造成重大损失。阿拉伯解放军控制下的卢比亚（英语：Lubya）反而被攻佔。

1948年10月，阿拉伯解放军依然控制加利利部分地区。 10月22日，阿拉伯解放军又進攻梅纳拉（英语：Manara, Israel）。10月24日，以色列方面发動海勒姆行动，佔領整个上加利利地区。不久，阿拉伯解放军被徹底赶出加利利，法齐·卡武齐逃到黎巴嫩。 ^[8]

第一次中東战争结束后，法齐·卡武齐主要在大马士革、贝鲁特和的黎波里等地定居。

参考文献

^ "Ruhmloses Zwischenspiel: Fawzi al-Qawuqji in Deutschland, 1941–1947", by Gerhard Höpp in Peter Heine, ed., Al-Rafidayn: Jahrbuch zu Geschichte und Kultur des modernen Iraq (Würzburg: Ergon Verlag, 1995), (http://www.zmo.de/biblio/nachlass/hoepp/01_30_064.pdf 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期20 December 2019.) p. 1
^ Parsons, Laila. The Commander: Fawzi al-Qawuqji and the Fight for Arab Independence 1914-1948. New York: Hill and Wang. 2016: 3. ISBN 9780809067121.
^ Höpp, 1995, p. 1.
^ Time, "'I Have Returned'"
^ Palestine, 1948: War, Escape and the Emergence of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, by Yoav Gelber, (Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press; 2006), p. 46–48, 51–56. ^[缺少ISBN]
^ LaPierre, Dominique; Collins, Larry. O Jerusalem. Simon & Schuster. 1971. By Palestine standards, his men were relatively well armed. Communications and logistics, however, were primitive. Runners ran word-of-mouth commands or handwritten messages from post to post. The shortage of food and other essential items did not unduly concern Kaukji. He intended to let his army live off the plunder of conquered Jewish settlements. Nor did the fact that his medical supplies consisted of aspirin, bandages and laxatives worry him. He anticipated neither a long campaign nor serious casualties. "I have come to Palestine to stay and fight until Palestine is a free and united Arab country or until I am killed and buried here," he announced. His aim, he declared, borrowing the slogan that was becoming the leitmotiv of the Arab leadership, was "to drive all the Jews into the sea." "Everything is ready," he proclaimed. "The battle starts when I give the word."
^ The War for Palestine, by Eugene L. Rogan and Avi Shlaim, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007), p. 111. ^[缺少ISBN]
^ Morris, 2008, pp. 330–339; see especially p. 339: "IDF Northern Front OC Moshe Carmel was later to write that al-Qawuqji's provocation had been like 'a match that ignited ... [the] fire ... in a dry, yellow field ... but the fire quickly rose ... [and] turned on him and he was unable to douse it. In truth ... Operation Hiram had been long in the planning.'"

Kessler, Oren (2023). Palestine 1936: The Great Revolt and the Roots of the Middle East Conflict. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 1538148803
Parsons, Laila (2016). The Commander: Fawzi al-Qawuqji and the Fight for Arab Independence, 1914–1948. Hill and Wang. ISBN 978-0-80906-712-1
Parsons, Laila. Soldiering for Arab Nationalism: Fawzi al-Qawuqji in Palestine. Journal of Palestine Studies. Summer 2007, 36 (4): 33–48. JSTOR 10.1525/jps.2007.36.4.33. doi:10.1525/jps.2007.36.4.33.
Lyman, Robert. Iraq 1941: The Battles for Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad. Campaign. Oxford, New York: Osprey Publishing. 2006: 96. ISBN 1-84176-991-6.
Provence, Michael. The Great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab Nationalism. University of Texas Press. 2005. ISBN 9780292706804.
Nafi, Basheer M., Arabism, Islamism and the Palestine question, 1908–1941: a political history, Garnet and Ithaca Press, 1998, ISBN 0-86372-235-0
Felmy, Gen. Hellmuth; Warlimont, Gen. Walter. Foreword by Generaloberst Franz Haider, Historical Div., HQ, U.S. Army, Europe. German Exploitation of Arab Nationalist Movements in World War II. 1952.

[Höpp,_1995-1] "Ruhmloses Zwischenspiel: Fawzi al-Qawuqji in Deutschland, 1941–1947", by Gerhard Höpp in Peter Heine, ed., Al-Rafidayn: Jahrbuch zu Geschichte und Kultur des modernen Iraq (Würzburg: Ergon Verlag, 1995), (http://www.zmo.de/biblio/nachlass/hoepp/01_30_064.pdf 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期20 December 2019.) p. 1

[2] Parsons, Laila. The Commander: Fawzi al-Qawuqji and the Fight for Arab Independence 1914-1948. New York: Hill and Wang. 2016: 3. ISBN 9780809067121.

[auto-3] Höpp, 1995, p. 1.

[Time-4] Time, "'I Have Returned'"

[Gelber-5] Palestine, 1948: War, Escape and the Emergence of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, by Yoav Gelber, (Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press; 2006), p. 46–48, 51–56. ^[缺少ISBN]

[6] LaPierre, Dominique; Collins, Larry. O Jerusalem. Simon & Schuster. 1971. By Palestine standards, his men were relatively well armed. Communications and logistics, however, were primitive. Runners ran word-of-mouth commands or handwritten messages from post to post. The shortage of food and other essential items did not unduly concern Kaukji. He intended to let his army live off the plunder of conquered Jewish settlements. Nor did the fact that his medical supplies consisted of aspirin, bandages and laxatives worry him. He anticipated neither a long campaign nor serious casualties. "I have come to Palestine to stay and fight until Palestine is a free and united Arab country or until I am killed and buried here," he announced. His aim, he declared, borrowing the slogan that was becoming the leitmotiv of the Arab leadership, was "to drive all the Jews into the sea." "Everything is ready," he proclaimed. "The battle starts when I give the word."

[7] The War for Palestine, by Eugene L. Rogan and Avi Shlaim, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007), p. 111. ^[缺少ISBN]

[8] Morris, 2008, pp. 330–339; see especially p. 339: "IDF Northern Front OC Moshe Carmel was later to write that al-Qawuqji's provocation had been like 'a match that ignited ... [the] fire ... in a dry, yellow field ... but the fire quickly rose ... [and] turned on him and he was unable to douse it. In truth ... Operation Hiram had been long in the planning.'"

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