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药物分类

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药物分类，或称药物类别是药物的某种分类方式，这种方式可以基于相似的化学结构、或相同的作用机制（如可与同一生物靶标结合）、或相似的作用模式，或用于治疗相似的疾病。[1][2]

药物可从多种角度进行分类，在主流的药物分类系统中，以上四种分类模式形成了一种层次结构。例如，贝特类药物（英语：Fibrate）具有相似的化学结构（两亲性羧酸），具有相同的作用机制（PPAR激动剂（英语：PPAR agonist））和相同的作用方式（降低血液中的甘油三酯），均可用于预防和治疗相同的疾病（动脉粥样硬化）。[3][4]然而，并非所有PPAR激动剂都是贝特类药物，并非所有降甘油三酯药物都是PPAR激动剂，并非所有治疗动脉粥样硬化药物均是降甘油三酯药物。

药物类别通常由原型药物（英语：Prototype drug）定义，原型药物是该分类中的典型药物且通常为首个成药化合物，开发同类型的其他同药物通常参考原型药物或与之比较。[5][6] 如抗疟疾药物的原型药物是氯喹，非甾体抗炎药物的原型药物是阿司匹林。[7][8]

按综合系统分类

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按化学性质

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药物可基于化学性质进行分类，如根据药化学结构分类。基于化学结构进行分类的药物类别包括：

按作用机制

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可基于药理学按作用机制对药物进行分类，作用机制通常依据生物学靶标的种类进行分类。分子作用机制相同的一类药物，可调节特定的生物靶标活性。[21]作用机制还包括针对生物靶标的活性类型，如对于受体而言，这些活性包括：激动剂、拮抗剂、反向激动剂或调节剂（英语：Selective receptor modulator）。酶的靶向机制包括激活剂和抑制剂。离子通道调节剂包括开放剂和阻滞剂（英语：Channel blocker）。以下是基于特定作用机制的药物类别示例：

按作用方式

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按作用方式分类是基于生物学的角度出发，并根据药物引起的解剖学或药物引起的功能改变进行分类。基于常用的作用方式定义的药物类别包括：

按临床用途

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药物分类还可从医学临床用途角度出发，根据药物用于治疗的病理学进行分类。

合并分类

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某些药物类别会兼顾多种分类标准以满足实际的分类需要。如非甾体类抗炎药（Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory durg，NSAID）就是其中一例。[59]历史上对于抗炎药的定义，除了非甾体抗炎药，还包括皮質類固醇药物即甾体类抗炎药物。在非甾体抗炎药这个类别出现之前的十年间，甾体类皮质类固醇类抗炎药一直是抗炎药物中的主流。[60]由于1950年代皮质类固醇药物的不良反应事件，非甾体抗炎药这种新型抗炎药物迅速在临床领域开展应用。 [59]因此，非甾体抗炎药的药物类别由作用机制——抗炎，与其化学结构——非甾体一起组成了新的药物分类。

按其他系统分类

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其他药物分类系统，如基于药物的溶解度和胃肠道渗透性，对药物进行分类的生物药剂学分类系统（英语：Biopharmaceutics Classification System）（Biopharmaceutics Classification System，BCS）。[62]

BCS分类

按生物药剂学分类系统（BCS分类）可以将药物基于不同的溶解性和渗透性，分为四类：[62]

按法律法规分类

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参见

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参考资料

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外部链接

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  • Drug names and classes. PubMed Health. United States National Library of Medicine. [2015-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-23）. 
  • Information by Drug Class. Drug Safety and Availability. United States Food and Drug Administration. [2015-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2017-01-20）. 
  • Drug Classes. A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes. [2023-06-14]. （原始内容存档于2011-09-02）. 
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