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藥物分類

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藥物分類，或稱藥物類別是藥物的某種分類方式，這種方式可以基於相似的化學結構、或相同的作用機制（如可與同一生物靶標結合）、或相似的作用模式，或用於治療相似的疾病。[1][2]

藥物可從多種角度進行分類，在主流的藥物分類系統中，以上四種分類模式形成了一種層次結構。例如，貝特類藥物（英語：Fibrate）具有相似的化學結構（兩親性羧酸），具有相同的作用機制（PPAR激動劑（英語：PPAR agonist））和相同的作用方式（降低血液中的三酸甘油酯），均可用於預防和治療相同的疾病（動脈粥樣硬化）。[3][4]然而，並非所有PPAR激動劑都是貝特類藥物，並非所有降三酸甘油酯藥物都是PPAR激動劑，並非所有治療動脈粥樣硬化藥物均是降三酸甘油酯藥物。

藥物類別通常由原型藥物（英語：Prototype drug）定義，原型藥物是該分類中的典型藥物且通常為首個成藥化合物，開發同類型的其他同藥物通常參考原型藥物或與之比較。[5][6] 如抗瘧疾藥物的原型藥物是氯喹，非甾體抗炎藥物的原型藥物是阿士匹靈。[7][8]

按綜合系統分類

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按化學性質

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藥物可基於化學性質進行分類，如根據藥化學結構分類。基於化學結構進行分類的藥物類別包括：

按作用機制

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可基於藥理學按作用機制對藥物進行分類，作用機制通常依據生物學靶標的種類進行分類。分子作用機制相同的一類藥物，可調節特定的生物靶標活性。[21]作用機制還包括針對生物靶標的活性類型，如對於受體而言，這些活性包括：激動劑、拮抗劑、反向激動劑或調節劑（英語：Selective receptor modulator）。酶的靶向機制包括激活劑和抑制劑。離子通道調節劑包括開放劑和阻滯劑（英語：Channel blocker）。以下是基於特定作用機制的藥物類別示例：

按作用方式

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按作用方式分類是基於生物學的角度出發，並根據藥物引起的解剖學或藥物引起的功能改變進行分類。基於常用的作用方式定義的藥物類別包括：

按臨床用途

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藥物分類還可從醫學臨床用途角度出發，根據藥物用於治療的病理學進行分類。

合併分類

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某些藥物類別會兼顧多種分類標準以滿足實際的分類需要。如非甾體類抗炎藥（Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory durg，NSAID）就是其中一例。[59]歷史上對於抗炎藥的定義，除了非甾體抗炎藥，還包括皮質類固醇藥物即甾體類抗炎藥物。在非甾體抗炎藥這個類別出現之前的十年間，甾體類皮質類固醇類抗炎藥一直是抗炎藥物中的主流。[60]由於1950年代皮質類固醇藥物的不良反應事件，非甾體抗炎藥這種新型抗炎藥物迅速在臨床領域開展應用。 [59]因此，非甾體抗炎藥的藥物類別由作用機制——抗炎，與其化學結構——非甾體一起組成了新的藥物分類。

按其他系統分類

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其他藥物分類系統，如基於藥物的溶解度和胃腸道滲透性，對藥物進行分類的生物藥劑學分類系統（英語：Biopharmaceutics Classification System）（Biopharmaceutics Classification System，BCS）。[62]

BCS分類

按生物藥劑學分類系統（BCS分類）可以將藥物基於不同的溶解性和滲透性，分為四類：[62]

按法律法規分類

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參見

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參考資料

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外部連結

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