中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒

中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒
	中东冠状病毒负染电子显微映像。病毒表面有刺状突起物，此乃这一类病毒的典型特征。
病毒分类
（未分级）：	病毒 Virus
域：	核糖病毒域 Riboviria
界：	正核糖病毒界 Orthornavirae
门：	小核糖病毒门 Pisuviricota
纲：	小南嵌套病毒纲 Pisoniviricetes
目：	套式病毒目 Nidovirales
科：	冠状病毒科 Coronaviridae
属：	乙型冠状病毒属 Betacoronavirus
种：	中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒 Middle East respiratory; syndrome-related coronavirus

中东呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒是导致中东呼吸系统综合征的病原体（英文缩写：MERS-CoV 或代号：EMC/2012‘HCoV-EMC/2012’）引起^[1]，有别于严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒和普通伤风冠状病毒。^[2]中东冠状病毒具单链核糖核酸，为β冠状病毒属的新成员，按基因组区别被分为了甲、乙两大系统发生分支；最早期的感染病例是由甲类病毒造成，与后来的不同。^[3]

中东冠状病毒主要袭击支气管上的无纤毛上皮细胞。它能避开宿主体内的起始免疫反应，并阻止免疫细胞分泌干扰素。此向性在众多呼吸系统病毒里实属独特，因为其他病毒大多都袭击纤毛上皮细胞。^[4]^[5]

传播途径

2010年至2013年间进行的一项研究，在310头单峰骆驼的身上评估MERS的发病率，揭示出MERS冠状病毒中和抗体在这些动物的血清中的滴度高^[6]。进一步对沙特单峰骆驼鼻拭子上的MERS冠状病毒进行的研究测序，发现它们的序列与以前的人类测序隔离。从个别骆驼的身上还发现鼻咽处有一个以上的基因组变体^[7]。据报一名沙特男子给几头生病骆驼的鼻子敷药后七天发病，后来他和一只骆驼都被发现带有相同的MERS冠状病毒毒株。现在尚未明确病毒从骆驼传播给人类的方法^[8]^[9]。世界卫生组织建议避免接触骆驼，只吃全熟的骆驼肉，用巴氏法杀毒的骆驼奶，避免饮用骆驼尿。骆驼尿被认为是各种中东疾病的治疗药物^[10]。沙特农业部建议人们避免接触骆驼，或是在接触时佩戴呼吸面罩^[11]。有些人不听政府的意见，亲吻了骆驼以表蔑视^[12]。

有限的证据表明MERS冠状病毒不会在人与人间持续传播，无论是在家里或是在医院等卫生保健机构^[13]^[14]。大多数的传播发生在“密切接触医疗机构或居家危重病人的情况下”，并没有症状表明会传播给无症状感染者^[15]。群集范围从1人到26人，平均数为2.7^[16]。

参考文献

^ De Groot RJ; et al. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): Announcement of the Coronavirus Study Group. Journal of Virology. 2013-05-15, 87 (14): 7790–2. PMC 3700179 . PMID 23678167. doi:10.1128/JVI.01244-13.
^ ECDC Rapid Risk Assessment - Severe respiratory disease associated with a novel coronavirus (PDF). 2013-02-19 [08-06-2015]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-05-31）.
^ MERS Coronaviruses in Dromedary Camels, Egypt. 06-2014 [08-06-2015]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-08）.
^ Kindler, E.; Jónsdóttir, H. R.; Muth, D.; Hamming, O. J.; Hartmann, R.; Rodriguez, R.; Geffers, R.; Fouchier, R. A.; Drosten, C. Efficient Replication of the Novel Human Betacoronavirus EMC on Primary Human Epithelium Highlights Its Zoonotic Potential. MBio. 2013, 4 (1): e00611–12. PMC 3573664 . PMID 23422412. doi:10.1128/mBio.00611-12.
^ Raj, V. S.; Mou, H.; Smits, S. L.; Dekkers, D. H.; Müller, M. A.; Dijkman, R.; Muth, D.; Demmers, J. A.; Zaki, A. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC. Nature. 03-2013, 495 (7440): 251–4. PMID 23486063. doi:10.1038/nature12005. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^ Hemida, MG; et al. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus seroprevalence in domestic livestock in Saudi Arabia. Eurosurveillance. 2013-12-12, 18 (50) [2015-06-09]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-24）.
^ Briese, T.; et al. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Quasispecies That Include Homologues of Human Isolates Revealed through Whole-Genome Analysis and Virus Cultured from Dromedary Camels in Saudi Arabia. mBio. 2014-04-29 [2014-05-20]. doi:10.1128/mBio.01146-14. （原始内容存档于2014-05-02）.
^ Gallagher, James. Camel infection 'led to Mers death'. BBC News. 2014-06-05 [2014-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2014-06-05）.
^ Azhar, E. I.; et al. Evidence for Camel-to-Human Transmission of MERS Coronavirus. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2014-06-04 [2014-06-06]. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1401505. （原始内容存档于2014-06-06）.
^ WHO warns about camel products, contact over rising MERS concerns | CTV News. CTV News. 2014-05-10 [2014-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2014-05-22）.
^ Mers virus: Saudis warned to wear masks near camels. BBC News. 2014-05-11 [2014-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2014-05-19）.
^ Saudi Arabia: Farmers flout Mers warning by kissing camels. BBC News. 2014-05-13 [2014-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2014-05-21）.
^ The Health Protection Agency (HPA) UK Novel Coronavirus Investigation team. State of Knowledge and Data Gaps of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Humans. Eurosurveillance. 2013-03-14 [2014-05-21]. doi:10.1371/currents.outbreaks.0bf719e352e7478f8ad85fa30127ddb8. （原始内容存档于2014-05-21）.
^ Assiri, A.; et al. Hospital Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2013-01-08 [2014-05-20]. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1306742. （原始内容存档于2014-06-10）.
^ Rapid advice note on home care for patients with Mi ddle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infecti on presenting with mild symptoms and management of contacts (PDF). WHO. 2013-08-08 [2014-05-21]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-05-14）.
^ Cauchemez, S.; et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: quantification of the extent of the epidemic, surveillance biases, and transmissibility. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. January 2014 [2014-05-21]. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70304-9. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）.

外部链接

Emergence of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
MERS-CoV Complete Genome（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Emerging viruses
Molecular Illustration of MERS-Coronavirus（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Philippines still MERS-CoV free – DOH（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

参见

[deGroot-1] De Groot RJ; et al. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): Announcement of the Coronavirus Study Group. Journal of Virology. 2013-05-15, 87 (14): 7790–2. PMC 3700179 . PMID 23678167. doi:10.1128/JVI.01244-13.

[rapid-2] ECDC Rapid Risk Assessment - Severe respiratory disease associated with a novel coronavirus (PDF). 2013-02-19 [08-06-2015]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-05-31）.

[3] MERS Coronaviruses in Dromedary Camels, Egypt. 06-2014 [08-06-2015]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-08）.

[Kindler-2013-4] Kindler, E.; Jónsdóttir, H. R.; Muth, D.; Hamming, O. J.; Hartmann, R.; Rodriguez, R.; Geffers, R.; Fouchier, R. A.; Drosten, C. Efficient Replication of the Novel Human Betacoronavirus EMC on Primary Human Epithelium Highlights Its Zoonotic Potential. MBio. 2013, 4 (1): e00611–12. PMC 3573664 . PMID 23422412. doi:10.1128/mBio.00611-12.

[Raj-2013-5] Raj, V. S.; Mou, H.; Smits, S. L.; Dekkers, D. H.; Müller, M. A.; Dijkman, R.; Muth, D.; Demmers, J. A.; Zaki, A. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC. Nature. 03-2013, 495 (7440): 251–4. PMID 23486063. doi:10.1038/nature12005. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)

[Hemida12dec2013-6] Hemida, MG; et al. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus seroprevalence in domestic livestock in Saudi Arabia. Eurosurveillance. 2013-12-12, 18 (50) [2015-06-09]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-24）.

[Briese29apr2014-7] Briese, T.; et al. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Quasispecies That Include Homologues of Human Isolates Revealed through Whole-Genome Analysis and Virus Cultured from Dromedary Camels in Saudi Arabia. mBio. 2014-04-29 [2014-05-20]. doi:10.1128/mBio.01146-14. （原始内容存档于2014-05-02）.

[BBC5jun2014-8] Gallagher, James. Camel infection 'led to Mers death'. BBC News. 2014-06-05 [2014-06-05]. （原始内容存档于2014-06-05）.

[Azhar4jun2014-9] Azhar, E. I.; et al. Evidence for Camel-to-Human Transmission of MERS Coronavirus. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2014-06-04 [2014-06-06]. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1401505. （原始内容存档于2014-06-06）.

[CTV10may2014-10] WHO warns about camel products, contact over rising MERS concerns | CTV News. CTV News. 2014-05-10 [2014-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2014-05-22）.

[BBC11may2014-11] Mers virus: Saudis warned to wear masks near camels. BBC News. 2014-05-11 [2014-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2014-05-19）.

[BBC13may2014-12] Saudi Arabia: Farmers flout Mers warning by kissing camels. BBC News. 2014-05-13 [2014-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2014-05-21）.

[HPA14mar2013-13] The Health Protection Agency (HPA) UK Novel Coronavirus Investigation team. State of Knowledge and Data Gaps of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Humans. Eurosurveillance. 2013-03-14 [2014-05-21]. doi:10.1371/currents.outbreaks.0bf719e352e7478f8ad85fa30127ddb8. （原始内容存档于2014-05-21）.

[Assiri8jan2013-14] Assiri, A.; et al. Hospital Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2013-01-08 [2014-05-20]. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1306742. （原始内容存档于2014-06-10）.

[WHO8aug2013-15] Rapid advice note on home care for patients with Mi ddle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infecti on presenting with mild symptoms and management of contacts (PDF). WHO. 2013-08-08 [2014-05-21]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-05-14）.

[Cauchemez13nov2013-16] Cauchemez, S.; et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: quantification of the extent of the epidemic, surveillance biases, and transmissibility. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. January 2014 [2014-05-21]. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70304-9. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）.

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