蒼背山雀

蒼背山雀
	一隻印度的蒼背山雀
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	鳥綱 Aves
目：	雀形目 Passeriformes
科：	山雀科 Paridae
屬：	山雀屬 Parus
種：	蒼背山雀 P. cinereus
二名法
	Parus cinereus; Vieillot, 1818
	分佈範圍以灰色標示
異名
	Parus major pro parte; Parus atriceps

蒼背山雀（學名：Parus cinereus）是山雀屬下的一種鳥類，是由原來被當做是大山雀亞種的幾種山雀合併形成的。其特徵為白腹灰背，而大山雀則是黃腹綠背^[3]^[4]。它主要分佈於西亞到南亞及東南亞的廣大地區。

分類

蒼背山雀原為大山雀亞種^[3]^[5]^[6]，其成年體均為白腹灰背，但幼年體與大山雀更為接近^[7]。不同地區之間的蒼背山雀背部灰色有差異，此外體型大小和尾巴上的白色部分也有差別。不過這主要是環境原因而導致的漸變。^[8]^[9]

參考文獻

^ Baker, ECS. Birds. Records of the Indian Museum. 1913, 8: 259–288.
^ Eck S; J Martens. Systematic notes on Asian birds. 49. A preliminary review of the Aegithalidae, Remizidae and Paridae. Zoologische Mededelingen. 2006, 80–5 [2018-05-10]. （原始內容存檔於2012-02-24）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Packert, Martin; Jochen Martens; Siegfried Eck; Alexander A Nazarenko; Olga P. Valchuk; Bernd Petri; Michael Veith. The great tit (Parus major) – a misclassified ring species. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2005, 86 (2): 153–174. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00529.x.
^ Kvist, Laura; Jochen Martens; Hiroyoshi Higuchi; Alexander A Nazarenko; Olga P Valchuk & Markku Orell. Evolution and genetic structure of the great tit (Parus major) complex. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2003, 270 (1523): 1447–1454. PMC 1691391 . PMID 12965008. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2321.
^ Blanford WT. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 1. Taylor and Francis, London. 1889: 73–79.
^ Packert, Martin; Jochen Martens. Taxonomic pitfalls in tits – comments on the Paridae chapter of the Handbook of the Birds of the World (PDF). Ibis. 2008, 154 (4): 829–831 [2018-05-10]. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2008.00871.x. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2012-02-22）.
^ Baker, ECS. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds 1 2nd. Taylor and Francis, London. 1924: 74–78.
^ Hartert, Ernst. Miscellanea Ornithologica; Critical, nomenclatorial, and other notes, mostly on Palaearctic birds and their allies. Part II. Novitates Zoologicae. 1905, 12: 497–503.
^ Baker, ECS. Handlist of the birds of the Indian Empire. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1920, 27 (2): 228–247.

外部連結

Worldbird names （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
Internet Bird Collection （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[1] Baker, ECS. Birds. Records of the Indian Museum. 1913, 8: 259–288.

[2] Eck S; J Martens. Systematic notes on Asian birds. 49. A preliminary review of the Aegithalidae, Remizidae and Paridae. Zoologische Mededelingen. 2006, 80–5 [2018-05-10]. （原始內容存檔於2012-02-24）.

[split-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Packert, Martin; Jochen Martens; Siegfried Eck; Alexander A Nazarenko; Olga P. Valchuk; Bernd Petri; Michael Veith. The great tit (Parus major) – a misclassified ring species. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2005, 86 (2): 153–174. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00529.x.

[4] Kvist, Laura; Jochen Martens; Hiroyoshi Higuchi; Alexander A Nazarenko; Olga P Valchuk & Markku Orell. Evolution and genetic structure of the great tit (Parus major) complex. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2003, 270 (1523): 1447–1454. PMC 1691391 . PMID 12965008. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2321.

[fbi-5] Blanford WT. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 1. Taylor and Francis, London. 1889: 73–79.

[6] Packert, Martin; Jochen Martens. Taxonomic pitfalls in tits – comments on the Paridae chapter of the Handbook of the Birds of the World (PDF). Ibis. 2008, 154 (4): 829–831 [2018-05-10]. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2008.00871.x. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2012-02-22）.

[fbi2-7] Baker, ECS. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds 1 2nd. Taylor and Francis, London. 1924: 74–78.

[8] Hartert, Ernst. Miscellanea Ornithologica; Critical, nomenclatorial, and other notes, mostly on Palaearctic birds and their allies. Part II. Novitates Zoologicae. 1905, 12: 497–503.

[9] Baker, ECS. Handlist of the birds of the Indian Empire. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1920, 27 (2): 228–247.

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