1938年—1939年德國遠征西藏

1938年4月—1939年8月，一支德國遠征隊在西藏進行探險。此次遠征由德國動物學家、親衛隊軍官恩斯特·舍費爾率領，並得到了黨衛軍領袖海因里希·希姆萊的贊助和黨衛軍附屬組織祖先遺產學會的支持^[1]。這是德國首支正式深入西藏併到達拉薩的遠征隊^[2]^[3]。

除舍費爾外，遠征隊成員還包括埃德蒙·格爾（Edmund Geer；技術人員）、恩斯特·克勞澤（昆蟲學家、攝影師）、卡爾·維納特（德語：Karl Wienert）（地質學家）和布魯諾·貝格爾（英語：Bruno Beger）（種族學家）^[4]^[5]。

探險隊到達英屬印度與錫金後，於1938年10月越過藏印邊境，1939年1月19日抵達拉薩，並在那裡停留了兩個月。他們在拉薩郊外受到了國民政府蒙藏委員會諮議張威白的迎接^[6]^[7]。隊員們與西藏精英人士建立了良好的關係，其中包括攝政熱振·圖旦絳白益西丹巴堅贊^[8]。他們收集了大量的植物和動物，並進行了地磁測量以及民族學和人類學觀察。

由於納粹德國的地緣戰略和種族主義目標，此次探險的真正科學意義存在爭議。

參考文獻

^ "Schäfer cannily had a letterhead printed. It read DEUTSCHE TIBET EXPEDITION ERNST SCHÄFER in large letters, then 'under the patronage of the Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler and in connection with the Ahnenerbe' in small letters" (Hale 2003).
^ "They are the first official German expédition to enter Tibet and reach Lhasa, its holy city" (Hale 2003).
^ McKay 2003，第188頁.
^ "Everyone of the five German scientists was also an officer in the SS" (Hale 2003).
^ "Schäfer […] was a fastidious zoologist with a passion for Tibetan birds. […] . Ernst Krause was a botanist and entomologist; Karl Wienert was a geographer whose task was to measure variations in the earth’s magnetic field in the Himalayas; and Bruno Beger was an anthropologist who would spend his time in Tibet measuring the heads and bodies of its people" (Hale 2003).
^ Hsiao-Ting Lin, Tibet And Nationalist China's Frontier: Intrigues And Ethnopolitics, 1928-49, p. 82 : List of Nationalist Chinese Representatives at Lhasa. […] Technician of the Chinese wireless station in Lhassa. Served as acting representative.
^ "One of them would greet the humiliated Ernst Schäfer outside Lhasa five years later. His name was Chang Wei-pei, and he was said to be something of an oddball and an opium addict" (Hale 2003，第150頁).
^ "By now the expedition had spent more than two monts in Lhasa and they had become honoured guests and friends of the city's elite. […] By now the Germans were on very good terms with Reting" (Hale 2003).

書目

McKay, Alex. Tibet and Her Neighbours : A History. Hansjörg Mayer. 2003. ISBN 3883757187.
Hale, Christopher. John Wiley & Sons , 編. Himmler's Crusade. The Nazi Expedition to Find the Origins of the Aryan Race. Hoboken (New Jersey. 2003. ISBN 0-471-26292-7 （英語）.

外部連結

維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：1938年—1939年德國遠征西藏

[Hale_1-1] "Schäfer cannily had a letterhead printed. It read DEUTSCHE TIBET EXPEDITION ERNST SCHÄFER in large letters, then 'under the patronage of the Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler and in connection with the Ahnenerbe' in small letters" (Hale 2003).

[2] "They are the first official German expédition to enter Tibet and reach Lhasa, its holy city" (Hale 2003).

[FOOTNOTEMcKay2003188-3] McKay 2003，第188頁.

[4] "Everyone of the five German scientists was also an officer in the SS" (Hale 2003).

[5] "Schäfer […] was a fastidious zoologist with a passion for Tibetan birds. […] . Ernst Krause was a botanist and entomologist; Karl Wienert was a geographer whose task was to measure variations in the earth’s magnetic field in the Himalayas; and Bruno Beger was an anthropologist who would spend his time in Tibet measuring the heads and bodies of its people" (Hale 2003).

[6] Hsiao-Ting Lin, Tibet And Nationalist China's Frontier: Intrigues And Ethnopolitics, 1928-49, p. 82 : List of Nationalist Chinese Representatives at Lhasa. […] Technician of the Chinese wireless station in Lhassa. Served as acting representative.

[7] "One of them would greet the humiliated Ernst Schäfer outside Lhasa five years later. His name was Chang Wei-pei, and he was said to be something of an oddball and an opium addict" (Hale 2003，第150頁).

[Hale_2-8] "By now the expedition had spent more than two monts in Lhasa and they had become honoured guests and friends of the city's elite. […] By now the Germans were on very good terms with Reting" (Hale 2003).

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